《资本论》关于市场经济的逻辑及其当代意义

The Logic and the Contemporary Significance of Market Economy in Das Kapital

市场经济本身不是一种社会制度,但又不能脱离一定的社会制度而存在和发展。关于市场经济与社会制度之间的逻辑,西方经济学认为,市场经济存在和发展的社会制度基础只能是私有制,只要搞市场经济,最终都必然实行私有化。对马克思主义经济学的传统理解也认为,市场经济与私有制是天然结合的,按照市场经济的要求进行改革,也就会走向私有化道路。从马克思主义关于市场经济的产生条件、发展阶段、运行机制和消亡过程的理论出发,可以得出市场经济与私有制没有必然联系,它所要求的制度基础不是私有制而是不同利益主体。不同利益主体既可以是私有制,也可以是公有制内部的利益差别,存在利益差别的个人劳动要转化为社会劳动就必须通过市场交换,从而形成市场经济。现实的市场经济,既可以是与私有制相结合的资本主义市场经济,也可以是与社会主义基本经济制度相结合的社会主义市场经济。中国经济改革的方向和目的是更好地发展社会主义市场经济,而不是私有化。

Market economy itself is not a social system, but its existence and development can not be out of certain social system. As for the internal logic between market economy and social system, western economics thinks that the social systematic foundation of the existence and development of market economy can only be the private ownership, as long as the market economy exists, final privatization is a must. The traditional understanding of Marxist economics also thinks that the market economy and private ownership are combined naturally. Reform according to the requirements of market economy, there will be the privatization. Based on the theory of Marxism about the conditions, development stage, operation mechanism and dying process of market economy, it can be concluded that there is no necessary relationship between the market economy and private ownership and the systematic foundation which market economy requires is not private ownership but different interest subjects. Interest subjects can be both private ownership and different interests in the internal sector of the public ownership. If personal labor with different interests wants transforming into social labor, it must be done through the market exchange, thus the market economy comes into being. Real market economy can be capitalist market economy combined with private ownership, or socialist market economy combined with the basic economic system of socialism. The direction and purpose of China's economic reforms are to develop the socialist market economy better, rather than make it privatize.