共产主义话语的四种误读探析

An Analysis of Four Misunderstandings of Communist Discourse

共产主义理论在马克思主义经典作家那里是对抗资本主义、批判阶级剥削、建立平等公正的社会理论,它是思想观点、社会形态、社会制度、社会理想和实践运动的统一,其话语的所指和能指高度一致。但在一个多世纪的历史变迁中,"共产主义"话语的所指发生了变化,有从词源上取其"共同体"之意而取消公有制;有取其"各尽所能,按需分配"的制度之意而视之为"乌托邦";有取其一个多世纪的实践运动之意而视之为"历史之终结";也有针对共产主义实践运动暂时的低潮而仅视之为理论"观念"。共产主义话语的四种误读,其能指和所指分离,割裂了马克思主义关于共产主义理论、制度和运动的内在统一。

Communist theory is the social theory to oppose capitalism,criticize class exploitation and establish equality and justice viewed by classical Marxist writers. It is the unity of ideological thought,social formation,social system,social ideal and practical movements. The signified and signifier are highly consistent. But in the historical changes of more than one century,the signified of the discourse of Communism changed. Some adapted the meaning of'community'from etymology and canceled public ownership;some took the notion of'from each according to his ability,to each according to his needs'from its systematic meaning and regarded it as 'Utopia';some adapted the notion of practical movements for more than one century and viewed it as'termination of history';while the fourth regarded it as'theoretical concept'based on the depression of communist practical movements. The contemporary variation of communist discourse and the separation of its signifier and signified cut apart the internal unity of communist theory,system and movements of Marxism.