改革开放以来中国企业对政府影响力的历史变迁——基于交换理论的视角

The Historical Change of Chinese firms' Influences on the Government since Reform and Opening-up——A Perspective Based on Exchange Theory

乔尔·赫尔曼等人在转轨国家企业和政府关系的研究中发现,转轨国家中的高掠夺国家的国有企业长期垄断着对政府政策供给的影响力。文章从交换理论的研究视角,采用历史制度分析的方法,将1978年改革开放以来,中国地方政府在不同时期选择类型相异的企业予以重点政策支持的行为变迁,分为五个阶段:乡镇企业萌芽和快速发展阶段、外资企业大举进入和蓬勃发展阶段、国有企业重新崛起阶段、房地产企业繁荣阶段、"互联网+"时期电子商务企业异军突起阶段。分析不同阶段政府和各类企业之间进行资源、制度交换的过程,说明在中国多种类型的企业均有机会对政府产生影响力。这是中国与其他长期被某一类企业实行寡头垄断的高掠夺国家根本的区别,也是中国这些年经济高速增长的一个重要原因。但中小民营企业始终未能得到优待,这会促使这些企业设法通过政府俘获来得到政府优待。在此基础上,文章也尝试对政府俘获行为作出符合中国国情的界定。

In the study of the relationship between firms and government in transition,eco-nomics,Joel Herman etc.,found that the state-owned firms in high-capture countries have long mo-nopolized the influence of government policy supply.From the perspective of exchange theory,this paper adopts the method of historical institutional analysis,according to the different types of choices made by local governments in different periods since 1978,when China’s reform and opening-up was carried out.The behavioral changes of enterprises supported by key policies can be divided into five different stages:the rising stage of township enterprises,the large-scale entry stage of for-eign-funded enterprises,the re-rising stage of state-owned enterprises,the booming stage of real estate enterprises,and the sudden outbreak stage of e-commerce enterprises.The process of resource and system exchange between governments and enterprises at different stages is analyzed.It is clear that there are many kinds of enterprises in China having the opportunity to exert influence on the gov-ernment.This is the fundamental difference between China and other high-plundering countries which have been monopolized by one kind of enterprises for a long time.It is also an important reason for China’s rapid economic growth in recent years.However,small and medium-sized private enterprises have not been given preferential treatment,which will prompt these enterprises to seek preferential treatment from the government through government capture.On this basis,this paper also tries to make a further definition of government capture behavior in line with China’s national conditions.