葡萄牙、西班牙和荷兰贸易中的漳州瓷

Zhangzhou Porcelain(Kraak porcelain) in Trades with Portugal, Spain and Netherlands

大约从16世纪下半叶到17世纪上半叶,福建省漳州府的几个瓷窑烧制出的一种与众不同的瓷器,通过漳州月港大批量出口至日本及东南亚国家(如印度尼西亚、菲律宾、马来西亚和文莱),此外,还有少量销往欧洲及新大陆。本文将概述葡萄牙、西班牙及荷兰的漳州瓷贸易。葡萄牙是第一个对东方展开海上贸易的欧洲国家。葡萄牙、西班牙还有后来荷兰所开辟的海上航线,在频繁的跨亚洲的漳州瓷贸易中起到了重要作用。这三个国家,也都在较小的程度上,参与了漳州瓷在欧洲和新大陆的贸易。1557年,葡萄牙在中国陆地建立了一个永久据点。此后,它对瓷器的需求大大增加。这就导致了景德镇和漳州各个瓷窑的瓷器产量大幅增加。从在澳门岛建立贸易基地开始,葡萄牙商人实际上垄断了与亚洲市场的海上贸易,包括从16世纪70年代开始的对日本的出口。葡萄牙商人用大型商船将瓷器从澳门运到马来西亚的马六甲和印度的果阿,然后再运到阿拉伯城市和非洲海岸的要塞,最后运到葡萄牙的里斯本。1578年葡西联合之后,菲利普一世(西班牙的菲利普二世)同时成为葡萄牙和西班牙的君主,他进一步扩张领土,其中包括了葡萄牙在亚洲的据点。菲律宾的马尼拉迅速成了西班牙在东方的补给站,用以供应要运至西班牙本土以及在新大陆的西班牙下层贵族所需的瓷器。瓷器由大帆船经由太平洋贸易航线运往新大陆。帆船从马尼拉启航,抵达阿卡普尔科后,少量的货物由骡子经由陆路运送至维拉克鲁斯,而后装上驶往西班牙的塞维利亚的大帆船。荷兰人凭借自己在船运和贸易方面的技能及高涨的从西班牙殖民统治下独立的民族主义,仿效葡萄牙人和西班牙人,也建立了庞大的海外殖民帝国。荷兰东印度公司,是一家成立于1602年的特权公司,它从印度尼西亚爪哇岛的万丹买进可以买到的货物,进口大量的中国瓷器到荷兰。荷兰人先将瓷器海运到巴达维尔(也就是今天的雅加达,同时也是荷兰东印度公司在亚洲的总部),再运到马六甲。一个设立在台湾(福摩萨)的商栈,成了中日贸易的中间站。本文将讨论从葡萄牙、西班牙及荷兰人在亚洲的殖民地采集到的考古发现,从少量可确定年代的沉船和幸存的营地中发现的漳州瓷器,以及从加利福尼亚和墨西哥海岸发现的陶瓷碎片。本文还将附图介绍一组有趣的稀有的漳州瓷。这些瓷器有的属于陶瓷釉下彩装饰,以钴蓝色为着色,有些则是用釉上珐琅装饰,不管是哪一种,都是迎合西方人喜好的设计。

From approximately the second half of the 16th to the first half of the 17th centuries,a distinctive type of porcelain made at several kilns in Zhangzhou prefecture in Fujian province was exported in large quantities from the port of Yue Gang in Zhangzhou to Japan.Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia,the Philippines,Malaysia and Brunei,and in lesser quantities to Europe and the New World. This paper will present an overview of the Portuguese,Spanish and Dutch trade in Zhangzhou porcelain.The sea routes of the Portuguese-the first Europeans to engage in maritime commerce in the Orient-the Spanish and later the Dutch played an important role in the prolific inter-Asian trade of Zhangzhou wares.All three were also,although to a lesser extent, involved in the Zhangzhou trade to Europe and the New World. After the Portuguese gained a permanent foothold on China's Mainland in 1557,their demand for porcelain led to a further increase in production not only at Jingdezhen,but also at the Zhangzhou kilns.From their trading base on the island of Macao,the Portuguese merchants virtually monopolized the maritime trade with Asian markets,including exports to Japan beginning in the 1570s.The Portuguese carracks shipped porcelain from Macao to Malacca in Malaysia and Goa in India and then onto Arabic cities and fortresses on the African coast and finally to Lisbon in Portugal. After the union of the Iberian crowns in 1578 under the reign of King Philip Ⅰ(Philip Ⅱ of Spain),Philip's territories expanded to include the Portuguese strongholds in Asia.Manila in the Philippines quickly became Spain's eastern depot for the shipment of porcelain both home and to the Spanish vice-royalties in the New World.The porcelain was shipped to the New World in galleons via the trans-Pacific trade route that set sail from Manila to Acapulco,where a small amount of the cargo was then carried by mules overland to Veracruz and loaded onto galleons that sailed to Seville in Spain. The Dutch followed the Portuguese and Spanish in establishing an overseas colonial empire,aided by their skills in shipping and trade and also by a surge of nationalism that accompanied their struggle for independence from Spain. Trading as the Dutch East India Company(VOC),a chartered company founded in 1602,they bought what was available in Bantam on the island of Java in Indonesia.They imported large amounts of Chinese porcelain to the Netherlands.The porcelain was shipped to Batavia(present-day Jakarta and the VOC headquarters in Asia) and then to Malacca.A trading post in Formosa served as an intermediate station in the trade between China and Japan. Archaeological evidence yielded from Portuguese,Spanish and Dutch settlements in Asia and Zhangzhou porcelain finds from a small number of datable shipwrecks and survivor campsites,as well as shards found on the coast of California and Mexico will be discussed.This paper will also illustrate an interesting and rare group of Zhangzhou pieces,decorated in undcrglaze cobalt blue or overglaze enamels,which were specially commissioned with Western designs.