亚洲季风区和粮食生产人口的早期历史

Early History of Asian Monsoon Regions and Grain Production Population

在过去的一万年间,世界一半以上人口都生活在亚洲夏季风气候区。大约九千年前,粮食生产首先出现在中国中部的长江和黄河流域。继承早期粮食生产文化传统的后代不仅包括今天在中国占绝大多数的汉族,还包括许多居住在热带季风区及其以南地区的民族。这些民族包括藏缅语民族,苗瑶民族,傣族,环孟加拉湾诸国语族和南岛语族。本文通过考察粮食生产的起源来阐明这些民族的历史,粮食生产是冰河时期以后人类逐渐适应温暖,潮湿和稳定的气候的产物,以半畜牧业阶段过渡到种养植物和驯化动物的纯粹农牧业的出现为特征。随着农牧业的出现,由可移动的动植物构成的"生物旅行箱"使人口得以扩散开来,尤其是向印度北部,东南亚(包括中国南部)和大洋洲扩散。以波利尼西亚群岛为例,这些人口扩散始于公元前3000年并在几世纪以前一直持续进行着。

During the past 10,000 years,the Asian zone of monsoonal summer rainfall climate has become home to more than half of the world's population.Food production first appeared about 9000 years ago in the Yellow and Yangzi River basins of central East Asia(China).The descendants of these early food producing cultural traditions include not only the Sinitic speaking majority populations who dominate China today,but also many peoples of the tropical monsoonal areas to the south.These include the speakers of Tibeto-Burman,Hmong-Mien,Tai, Austroasiatic and Austroncsian languages.To illustrate these population histories,this paper examines the beginnings of food production as a postglacial adaptation to warm,wet and stable climates,characterised by a trajectory from pre-domestication cultivation to full agriculture with domesticated plants and animals.With the establishment of full agricultural dependence,a 'portmanteau biota' of moveable plants and animals allowed population spreads to occur,especially into northern India,Southeast Asia(including southern China) and Oceania.These spreads commenced about 3000 BC,and continued until a few centuries ago,in the case of Polynesia.