对司马迁撰夏之前历史的思考——论夏之前的“五帝”均非个人而是群体

On History Prior to Xia Dynasty Composed by Si Maqian——Wudi Is A Group,Not Individual

夏之前历史是司马迁根据春秋到西汉的历史学家所掌握的资料——有限的文献资料和大量以神话、传说的"史迹"——逐步构建起来的。因为资料的欠阙,其中有许多是个人的猜想,从而为后人留下了不少的疑惑甚至是误导。例如:远古帝王都是黄帝后裔,"五帝"的关系都是继承,"天子"是选出来的。其实,"五帝"都不是单独的人名,而是一个一个的部落首领的称号。即是说,"五帝"及"禹"都各自是一个时代群体,他们彼此间也不可能有什么继承关系。

The history prior to Xia Dynasty was gradually composed by Si Maqian,A famous Chinese historian,according to the materials( limited document literature and a large number of legends and myth) passed down by the historians of the Spring and Autumn period and the Western Han Dynasty,many of which are the composer's personal guess owing to lack of information,therefore,leaving later generations some doubts and misguidance,such as,all emperors of ancient times being descendants of the Yellow Emperor,the relation among the Wudi( five emperors) being inheritance,and Tainzi( the Son of Heaven,or the emperor) being elected. But,according the facts,Wudi is not the name of a person,but a group of five emperors,that is,the same as Yu( the first emperor of Xia Dynasty),standing their eras,and their position of being the emperor is not inherited from their forefathers.