反纳粹运动中的歌德勒团体及其对德国后希特勒时代的治国构想

The Goerdeler Group in the Anti - Nazi Movement and It's Concept of a Post - Hitler Germany

1933年1月30日,希特勒取得政权,到1934年8月,仅用了一年半的时间便完全按他自己的意旨,将民主多元的威玛共和国转变成一党专政,完全依领袖意旨行事的所谓“领袖国家”。无论在内政上如破坏宪法及宪法赋予人民的基本权利、干预教会、迫害犹太人、迫害政治思想异己者、迫使全国之政治机构及一切政治及社会组织,包括学术及艺术活动,都得与纳粹政府及其意识型态一体化以及在外交政策上不顾国际规范,以牺牲国民整体经济的方式建军,最后甚至不惜以德意志民族整体的命运为赌注,以达成希特勒的外交政策计划等等,都引起了社会各阶层有识之士的反对或起而反抗,因此在全国各地都隐藏了不少反抗人士及小团体,甚至在军中及文官体系内也不例外。歌德勒团体便是诸多性质不同的反纳粹团体中的一个,该反抗团体基本上由民族主义保守派菁英组成,歌德勒(Carl Friedrich Goerdeler)是其灵魂人物,主要成员有哈塞尔、波比兹、叶森、凯萨尔、罗希勒和赫曼凯萨尔等。歌德勒团体进行了一系列反纳粹活动,并构思了后希特勒时代的治国蓝图,包括未来德国的内政及宪政体制、经济与社会政策和外交政策。

The democratic and liberal Weimar Republic was soon transformed into a one - party dictatorship in the August of 1934 since Hitler gained power in the 30thof January, 1933, in a period of about one year and half. The new regime is the so called 'Fuehrerstate' (Leader's State'), a state dictated by the sheer will of its leader. In its internal affairs, the constitutions and the basic rights of German people granted thereby were not respected, Church was interfered, Jews persecuted, political dissidents harassed, all of these were carried out with an aim to forcing the state institutions and all kinds of organizations, together with academic and artistic activities, to complying with the demands of the Nazi regime and its ideology. In the foreign affairs, this regime threw aside international diplomatic protocols, used the national economy of the German people to reestablish the armed forces and, in the end. gambled as a stake the complete fate of the German people in order to realize the foreign policy of Hitler. All of these provoked reactions or oppositions from people of different social levels who were concerned. So there were hidden in different places all over the whole Germany not a few opposition members and political cells, and even the armed forces and the civil bureaucracy were not excepted. The Goerdeler Group was one of the opposition group 'a-mong many others ' that was headed by Goerdeler. Ulrich von Hassell,Johannes Popitzjens Jessen,Jakob Kaiser, Wilhelm Leuschner and Hermann Kaiser were it's main figures .The Goerdeler Group carried out many opposition activities and designed their concept of a new state in a post - Hider age including domestic affairs and constitutional governmental system , economic and social policy , diplomatic policy.