从人道到人权:穷人权利的演变——兼论最低生活保障制度实施过程中存在的问题

From Humanity to Human Rights: The Evolution of Rights of the Poor——In addition to the problems that exist in the perpormance of minimum life security system

在现代社会保障制度建立之前,慈善团体本着人道主义精神承担了对穷人的救助,是对穷人的施舍和恩赐。《济贫法》的颁布标志着政府开始介入社会保障,穷人开始把接受救助看成权利。但是在社会保障制度建立之初,人道观被削弱了,政府更多地考虑政治、经济和道德因素,对穷人的救助附加价值取向和苛刻条件,得到救助的穷人不得不丧失尊严和人格。为了保障人权,一些工业发达国家开始由选择性救助向普遍性福利过渡,把人道和人权结合起来。但是我国在实施最低生活保障制度的过程中,一些地方政府设置不合理条件把一部分穷人排除在制度保障之外,这种做法是忽视穷人权利和推卸政府责任的一种表现。

Before social security systems have been established, the poor are mostly relieved by charitable institutions based on humanity, and it is charity and favor for the poor. The issue of the Relieve Law marks that government gets involved in social security, and the poor consider getting help from administration as rights. But at the beginning, humanity was weaken by political, economical and moral factors, and so the poor who get help from government must yield to government's moral standards and harsh terms, and lost human dignity and moral quality. In order to protect human rights, some countries' social security systems are shifted from selectivity to universalism, and fully respect the rights of the poor. But in the performance of minimum life security system in our country, some local governments push harsh terms on the poor, and some of the poor are excluded out of the system. This kind of action is to ignore the rights of the poor, and shirk government responsibility.