从石油公团的作用看日本的石油储备和海外找油气政策

Discuss Japan's Oil Stockpile and Overseas Oil and Gas Policies on Basis of JNOC's Role

日本石油公团是日本的国家石油公司。与一般国家石油公司不同的是,它没有自己经营的企业,业务活动全部通过运作国家专用资金账户来完成。它与政府资金账户、金融机构、油气勘探开发企业和石油储备公司的业务关系,全部实行市场经济的投资、借贷和担保原则。业务活动的所有参与者都是市场独立法人,都要承担经济责任。这种以市场为基础的关系,能最大限度地避免国有资本的低效或无效使用,从而保证国家目标的实现。对于高风险、高投入的国外油气勘探开发项目,石油公团发挥了国家机构的影响力,积极在国际上寻找投资机会,并在融资上给有关企业以扶持。在建设石油储备方面,石油公团采取了国家和民间“两条腿走路”的方针。一开始以民间储备为主,石油公团在融资政策上给以优惠;然后逐步稳妥地发展国家储备,并相应地减少民间储备,最后使二者稳定在6:4的合理水平。尽管石油公团本身也面临着改革,但石油公团的经验,对于我国建立国家石油储备和利用国外油气资源具有重要的参考意义。

Japanese National Oil Corporation is different from other national oil companies, JNOC operates no enterprises of its own It accomplishes all its business activities by means of operating the special national capital. Its business relations with the governmental bank accounts, financial organizations, oil and gas exploration and development enterprises and petroleum stockpiling companies are entirely based on investment, loans and guarantee in the principle of market economy. All the operators are the independent legal body corporates bearing the economic responsibilities. This market-oriented relationship can keep the state capital from low-efficiency application so as to realize the targets set by the State. As for the overseas oil and gas exploration and development projects, which are usually of high risk and investment, JNOC uses the influencing power of the State to actively seek investment opportunities worldwide while supporting the related enterprises for their fund-raising efforts. In the sector of oil stockpile, JNOC depends on both national and social channels to secure the oil supplies. At the beginning, JNOC focused on the enterprises' oil stockpile and formulated the preferential fund-raising policies for those companies. Then, JNOC developed the petroleum reserves for the government. The the petroleum reserves of the government and enterprises are kept stable at the ratio between 6 and 4. The experience of JNOC is of important significance to China in terms of national oil reserves and application of overseas oil and gas resources though JNOC itself is facing reform.