祀典、私祀与淫祀:明清以来苏州地区民间信仰考察

Sidian,Sisi and Yinsi:Survey on Popular Religion in Suzhou Since Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时代苏州地区的神灵大致可分为三类 :即祀典之神、私祀之神以及淫祀。祀典神的存在体现了统治者神道设教的良苦用心 ,是利用民间信仰辅助统治的手段。祀典而外则存在着大量的民间私祀 ,其形成原因是多方面的 ,它的存在使得国家与民间社会在信仰领域中较少正面冲突 ,形成了一个比较广阔的缓冲带。但是民间信仰作为民间社会的一部分 ,却又决定了它必然与国家正统处于相对立的地位。当它对现实统治秩序产生威胁或有可能颠覆正统理念时 ,国家便会加以干预、纠正 ,如果事态持续发展 ,神灵便可能遭到禁绝。

There are three kinds of cults of deities in Suzhou.They are named as Sidian( cults worshiped by goverment) ,Sisi( cults worshiped by common people) ,and Yinsi( cults forbidden to worship) The existence of Sidian wasthe resultof governor' sintention to making use of popular religion.Va- riety of Sisi existed as buffer area between state and civil society,but it was to be extinguished when conflicting strongly with orthodoxy idea and order