古汉语词类活用中的“使动”、“意动”说献疑

INAPPLICATION OF THE IDEAS OF TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE TO THE USAGE OF CLASSICAL CHINESE WORDS

本文从三个方面对古代汉语词类活用中的'使动'、'意动'说提出异议:一、 '使动'、 '意动,,是从语义角度划分出来的类别,与词类活用混为一谈,违背了词类的定义,在逻辑上造成混乱;二、先秦汉语动宾结构所表示的语义关系十分复杂, '使动'、 '意动'不能视为特殊。同一语义关系在汉语发展过程中采用不同的语法结构形式,是语言日臻精密的结果,不必也不应当用今天的语感去硬套先秦汉语固有的结构形式;三、《马氏文通》等五部专著所列不及物动词'活用为使动'的典型用例中,有相当一部分兼属及物动词,因此不及物动词'活用为使动'作为一种规律性的结论值得怀疑。

The author does not think that the ideas of 'transitive' and 'intransitive' are applicable in analysing some flexible uses of words in classical Chinese as some grammarians advocated.First,'transitive' and 'intransitive' are semantic ideas,not relevant in defining parts of speech or analysing the flexible usage of words of different parts of speech in classical Chinese.Secondly,the verb-object constructions of pre-Qing Dynasty Chinese were too complicated to be reduced just to the ideas of 'transitive' and 'intransitive'.With Chinese getting more and more scientific,the same semantic relationship took different forms of grammatic construction which are not liable to explanation by modern grammatical concepts.Thirdly,quite a few examples of 'intransitive verbs', which are cited in Ma Jianzhong's Chinese Grammar and four other grammar books as 'being flexibly used as transitive',are actually transitives too.It is doubtful whether 'flexible use of intransitive verbs as transitive verbs' can be regarded as a regular feature in classical Chinese grammar.