安岳卧佛院北岩宋代善财童子五十三参浮雕图像辨识

Identification of the Iconography of Reliefs on the NorthernWall of Anyue Wofoyuan Showing the 53 Stations ofSudhanakumara (Shancai Tongzi)

《华严经》为佛教经典中的鸿篇巨制,版本较多,其中由唐中期实叉难陀翻译的八十卷本《华严经》影响最大。善财童子五十三参故事即出自八十卷本《华严经·入法界品》,该品内容丰富,占据《华严经》四分之一以上篇幅。安岳卧佛院北岩卧佛下浮雕有巨幅五十三参图像,因风化破坏严重且图像画面过于简略,辨识困难。笔者以经典为基础,并辅助参考北宋末年惟白《文殊指南图赞》、日本镰仓时代奈良东大寺《华严海会善知识图》,以及明初皇家寺院山西崇善寺'善财童子五十三参'壁画等资料,对卧佛院浮雕进行辨识并尝试寻找其构图布局。结合浮雕周侧的题记及造像,笔者提出卧佛院五十三参浮雕的雕凿时代可能在北宋末(宣和前后)至南宋绍兴四年之间,这组浮雕应是国内目前所见到的最早的全幅善财童子五十三参浮雕图像,此工程的主持者与两宋之际活动于卧佛院的僧人'慈海'有密切关系。

The Avatamsakra Sutra is a magnum opus within the Buddhist canon;it has many editions among which the mid-Tang 80-chapter version translated by ikānanda(Shicha Nantuo)has been most influential.The stories related to the 53 stations of Sudhanakumara recorded in the 89 chapters of the“Entering of the Ultimate Reality”of the Avatamsakra Sutra are rich in content,making up about a quarter of the overall length of the Avatamsakra Sutra.The Reliefs on the northern Wall of Anyue Wofoyuan consist of 53 large scenes;weathered severely,of the images only rough outlines remain,making the identification difficult.Based on the sutra,and assisted by the late-Song Wenshu Zhinan Tuzan(Illustrations of the Guidelines of Ma?ju?rī),the Japanese Kamakura-period Illustration of Kegon(Huayan)Kalyāna-mittatāfrom the Tōdai-ji in Nara,and the early-Ming murals of the 53 Stations of Sudhanakumara at the Huangjia Monastery,the Chongshan Temple in Shanxi and other sources,the author conducts an iconographic study of the Wofoyuan reliefs,also attempting to characterize their overall composition.Connecting the inscriptions on the side of the reliefs and the figures themselves,the author suggests that the reliefs of the 53 Stations at the Wofoyuan date between the late Northern Song(around the Xuanhe Period)and the fourth year of the Shaoxing Period of the Southern Song.These reliefs can therefore be seen as China’s earliest reliefs depicting the 53 Stations of Sudhanakumara,showing a strong connection between the person overseeing this project and the monk Cihai at the Wofoyuan and his deeds.