明代蜀藩王墓地宫规制研究

Study of Tomb Chamber Forms of the Cemetery of King Shu in the Ming Dynasty

本文以经过科学发掘的明代蜀藩王墓地宫入手,分析其形制特点及发展变化,探讨地宫规制的象征意义和设计理念。通过与明代高等级祭祀性建筑群进行对比,认为地宫前部为相对'开放'的部分,其设计思路可能模仿了地面祭祀性礼仪建筑,或与明代高等级墓葬的墓园更为相近;后部则为相对'封闭'的棺室,用以安葬墓主人。地宫作为一个独立的地下空间,蜀藩王墓棺室则为地宫内的封闭空间;相较于棺室,其外部的砖券则是地宫中的一个'开放空间'。通过与四川地区宋代以降墓葬营造特点对比,认为棺室与蜀地宋以来的石室墓非常相似。蜀藩王墓地宫的营建,是明代礼制与蜀地墓葬营造传统交互作用的结果。

This paper analyzes the excavated chamber tomb of the King Shu of the Ming Dynasty, reconstructs changes over time and explores the symbolic meaning of the structure and the rational underlying its design. Based on a comparison with the high-status ritual structures of the Ming Dynasty, the paper argues that the front of the tomb of King Shu is more open, the rational being that they imitated above-ground structures built for ritual activities, make it more similar to buildings of the ritual complexes associated with high-status Ming period graves. The rear part of the tomb chamber is relatively closed and served to hold the coffin of the tomb owner. Being an isolated underground structure, the tombe of King Shu has a closed chamber in the rear and an open space in the front. These characteristics are similar to other tombs in the Sichuan region dating to the Song and following dynasties,and the structure of the coffin chamber has a close resemblance to stone-chamber graves as they appeared in Shu since the Song Dynasty. Therefore, this paper infers that the structure of the grave of King Shu is the result of an combination of Ming period ritual customs and Shu grave construction traditions.