贵州遵义播州杨氏土司丧葬制度的考古学观察

Archaeological Observations on the Funeral System of Yang Clan Tusi in Zunyi, Guizhou

播州杨氏土司墓地均系世袭土司专地入葬,并以一位先祖入葬开辟一处土司墓地,后世土司分别葬于先祖墓前左右,实行'祔祖而葬',统一规划、等级严密。墓地格局清晰,多由墓葬、墓园、墓上(前)建筑、墓祠等构成,地上与地下结合,完备有序。杨氏诸墓地所尚或左或右依次入葬的做法与昭穆之制类似,但不尽相同,并未完全遵循昭穆制,受地理环境、堪舆风水及入葬顺序等因素影响,而始终没有严格统一的规律。播州杨氏土司丧葬制度,形成于南宋初,成熟于南宋中期,完善于元初。到明代中期以后有制度执行不严和祔葬形式创新的现象。

The cemetery of Yang Clan Tusi in Bozhou is a place that has been used as a burial ground for Tusi over several generations with one founding tomb having started the practice.Later generations were buried in front of it and to its left and right.The layout of the cemetery is clear,and there are graves,grave gardens,buildings above or in front of the graves,and other structuring elements,all arranged in neat patterns.The custom of burying to the right and left for secondary burials observed at the Yang Clan cemetery is similar to the one dictated by the Zhaomu system,though not identical.The Yang cemetery does not completely follow the Zhaomu model but has been influenced by the surrounding environment,considerations of Fengshui,and the burial sequence,leading to a lack of rigid uniformity in layout.The burial system of the Yang Clan Tusi in Bozhou emerged during the early Southern Song,maturing during the middle Southern Song.There are signs that after the middle of the Ming Dynasty,the regulations were no longer strictly followed and instead new variations of burial customs emerged.