论美国的“私人妨害法”

On American Private Nuisance Law

妨害法是美国环境法的历史基础,20世纪70年代之前的绝大多数涉及环境污染的诉讼在法律上都是通过妨害法来处理的。在缺乏成文环境法的时代,妨害法在美国实际上履行着环境法的功能。作为普通法的妨害法并未因成文环境法的发展而失去司法价值,而是通过环境侵权诉讼对美国成文环境法构成重要补充。妨害可分为具有不同法律性质的私人妨害与公共妨害,私人妨害是指非侵入性地侵犯他人对土地私人使用和享有的利益,而公共妨害则是指对一般大众共同权利的不合理干扰。通过对私人妨害法的历史、概念、分类、构成、抗辩和意义的研究,既可以管窥美国环境法发展的历史切面和当代特点,也可以为我国的环境侵权法提供某些借鉴。

Nuisance law is the historical foundation of American environmental law. The environmental litigations before the 1970s were almost handled by nuisance law. In the age of lacking statute environmental law,nuisance law actually performed the practical environmental law’s functions. As a part of common law, nuisance law does not lose its judicial values when statue environmental law has developed deeply and widely. On the contrary, nuisance law has become the important complement of the American statute environmental law. There are two different kinds of nuisance,private nuisance and public nuisance. Private nuisance is Through the studying on the history, conception, classification, constitution, defense and the meaning of private nuisance law, we could not only understand the history and contemporarycharacteristic of American environmental law but also make some conferences for Chinese environmental law.