“斯文”在北宋中后期的演变及其美学意蕴

The Development of Culture in the Middle and Latter Stage of Song Dynasty and Its Aesthetic Meaning

北宋是知识分子的黄金时代,在政治和文化上都达到了巅峰。北宋中后期,范仲淹和王安石先后主持了两次改革,围绕是否需要改革以及改革的具体内容,在士人群体间产生了矛盾。这一矛盾与"斯文"密切相关,"斯文"既包括狭义的儒家经典著作,也包括广义的各种思想文化。就前者而言,托古改制的习惯要求从"斯文"中找到理论依据,这导致了北宋儒学的兴盛;就后者而言,北宋重用文人的政策也导致了思想文化的兴盛。士人都是饱学之士,对儒家经典的理解互有差异,学术分歧导出政见分歧,学术矛盾与政治矛盾交织在一起。大致来说,从仁宗庆历年间到北宋灭亡,"斯文"经历了重振、分裂和没落三个阶段,与此相应,其审美也表现出不同的形态。

The best age of intellectual is Northern Song dynasty and they created the best politics and the best culture. Fan Zhongyan and Wang Anshi took charge of two reform in the middle and latter stage of Song dynasty. There were confliction about the reform,which had connection with culture. Culture comprised the classic works of Confucianism and all the kind of culture,which leaded to the booming of the Confucianism and the culture. The difference of the intellectual's understanding on the Confucian works leaded to the difference of politics. Broadly speaking,culture had the stage of renaissance,split and decline in this time and aesthetics had the same stage.