依恋:理解成就动机个体差异的切入点

Attachment:An Important Approach to Understanding Achievement Motivation

从成就动机的重要性及其影响因素入手,本文提出了以依恋作为切入点理解成就动机个体差异的观点。围绕这一观点,本文首先简要介绍了依恋理论、所关注的三种成就动机理论取向或结构(自我效能、动机的不同自我调节水平、成就目标)的基本信息和前沿进展。然后,从人类发展的生物生态学模型,依恋行为系统和探索行为系统的关系,以及认知成分在依恋行为系统中的参与三个方面,对依恋作为理解成就动机实质的切入点的问题进行了理论分析。第三,本文为上述理论分析提供了现有的实证研究的支持,即安全依恋与较高的自我效能、自主调节水平以及掌握目标相联系,而非安全依恋与较低的自我效能、外部调节水平和表现回避目标相联系。最后,根据理论分析和实证研究结果,本文指出了未来从依恋角度理解成就动机个体差异和实质的研究方向。

Achievement motivation plays an important role in individuals' success in the achievement settings,which has obtained an intensive attention of psychologists at home and abroad.Although certain individual and environmental factors have been examined as the antecedents of different achievement motivation constructs,empirical studies are rare and limited in terms of understanding individual differences of achievement motivation from the perspective of attachment. In this regard,this paper first briefly introduced attachment styles and three important achievement motivation theories or constructs,including self-efficacy,intrinsic motivation and self-regulation,and achievement goals both on their conceptualization and advanced development. Then,it followed a theoretical analysis on why attachment is an important anger to understand the nature of achievement motivation from the bio-ecological model of human development,the close relationship between attachment behavior system and exploration behavior system,to the cognitive elements in attachment styles. In addition,this paper reviewed the empirical studies of attachment styles to self-efficacy,intrinsic motivation and self-regulation,and achievement goals respectively,providing support for the theoretical statement that secure attachment is related to high self-efficacy,intrinsic motivation and mastery goals and motivation,while unsecure attachment is related to lower self-efficacy,external regulation,and performance-avoidance goals. Based on the above description,this paper finally argued three main future directions in understanding the nature of achievement motivation from the approach of attachment.