美国次级制裁合法性问题研究

Research on the Legality of U. S. Secondary Sanctions

美国频繁使用次级制裁的主要原因是初级制裁难以获得预期的效果,组织有效的多边制裁难度越来越大。美国多数的次级制裁违背了国际法准则和国际杜会的整体利益,是对国际法上属人、属地原则不合理的扩张,同时存在法律依据不扎实、不充分、甚至与国际法相违背等问题,因而遭到国际社会的广泛抗议。美国的次级制裁将国内立法拓展到国际社会,使用国内法强行规制发生在境外的行为,强行要求第三国企业和个人遵守美国制定的法律,这既不符合国际法,也不符合国际杜会的整体利益,因而在本质上不具有合法性。

The main reasons for the United States to frequently use secondary sanctions are the effect of primary sanctions cannot meet the expectations,and it is increasingly difficult to organize effective multilateral sanctions. Most of the secondary sanctions used by the U. S. violate the norms of international law and the overall interests of the international community,which are unreasonable expansions of nationality and territorial jurisdiction. At the same time,the legal basis of secondary sanctions are insufficient,and even contrary to international laws,thus have been widely protested by the international community. The secondary sanctions used by the U. S. extend domestic legislation to the international community,use domestic laws to regulate on acts occurring outside the U.S.,and force the people and enterprises of the third country to comply with the laws enacted by the U. S. This is neither in conformity with international law nor consistent with the overall interests of the international community,and therefore does not have legitimacy in nature.