发达工业社会中的现代性问题——评马尔库塞对发达工业社会意识形态的批判

On the Modernity in Advanced Industrial Society

随着物质文明的发展,现代西方国家进入了发达工业社会。马尔库塞认为,这种发达的工业生产能力完全可以使人摆脱生存竞争的模式而快乐地生活,但为了刺激需求、保持经济的持续增长,西方国家通过各种消费等级制度而把人重新纳入到生存斗争的模式中,促使人赶时髦、在消费等级中进行斗争。而在政治领域中,寻找敌人、制造对立是发达国家处理国内和国际问题的基本方法,通过敌人的存在而凝内部力量,从而形成一种稳定的社会结构。在文化领域,消除高端文化中的超越因素是现代资本主义文化的根本特点。高端文化以反抗流行的社会趋势为特点,具有批判性。社会条件的变化使原来那些具有批判特点的文化在现代社会中失去了批判特点,即使人们仍然利用这种文化,但是,这种文化却缺乏批判的特点。因此,在现代资本主义社会,物质、文化产品中的满足,甚至性解放等等都是社会压抑的一种新形式。

With the rapid development of social welfare,modern western countries enter into an industrialized society. In Marcuse's mind,the output capacity of modern society could make people get rid of the model of survival competition,but in order to stimulate demand,to maintain the continuous growth,western countries recoil people into the model of survival competition,make them follow the fashion of the time and struggle in the rank of consumption with its rank of consumption system. While in political area,seeking for enemy and creating confrontation is the major method of dealing with domestic problems and international problems. With the existence of enemy,these countries get a stable social structure. In the cultural area,eliminating transcendental element of higher culture is the main characteristic of the culture in capitalist society. Higher culture has the trend to defy the popular style of life and to criticize the society. Because of the changing situation,those culture with the characteristic of critique lose their function of social critique. Although people still use the cultures they have no function of social critique. So,in modern capital society,the material and cultural satisfaction,even the sexual freedom are all the new forms of social repression.