超人类主义视域中的人的完善及其问题——从尼采的视角看“人类增强”

The Perfection of Man:Looking at Human Enhancement from Nietzsche's Perspective

"人类增强"是当今时代超人类主义思想运动的一项浩大工程,它希望利用新科技改善或增强人的体能、智力、情感以及道德等方面,超越人类现有状态和限度,趋向后人类目标。这代表了一种新的人的完善方案。在此方面,超人类主义者往往将尼采的超人学说看成"先驱"或类似的思想,他们甚至认为超人和后人类是一致的概念。但是,如果我们从尼采的视角重新审视这种人类增强计划,就会发现超人类主义者完全误解了尼采的超人学说,超人不是表达一种技术乌托邦,而是文化目标。尼采的这种对人的完善的思考,启发我们思考技术的限度,理解它对整个生活和文化的意义。

The enhancement of human beings is a great project of the today’s transhumanist movement. It is to use new technology to improve or enhance the physical,intellectual,emotional and moral aspects of human beings,surpassing the existing state and limits of human beings,and moving towards posthuman goals. Therefore,it also represents a new kind of man’s perfection plan.In this respect,transhumanists tend to regard Nietzsche’s theory of superhuman as a 'pioneer'or a similar idea,and they even think that superhuman and posthuman are identical concepts. However,if we re-examine the transhumanism from Nietzsche’s perspective,we will find that the transhumanists completely misunderstand Nietzsche’s superhuman theory,which represents a narrow technological determinism. Superhuman,by contrast,is not a technological utopia,but a cultural goal. Nietzsche’s thinking of perfection of man inspires us to think about the limits of technology and to understand its significance to the whole life and culture.