“社会之死”与“通过社区的治理”的形成——对西方社区治理实践的反思性考察

“The Death of the Social”and the Formation of “Governance through Community”

现代化的一大成果是形成了'社会—国家',让所有社会成员能够拥有社会这一共享性的生活空间,并通过国家的治理行动来维护这一空间。在实践中,国家对共享空间的维护主要是通过福利供给来实现的,当国家的福利供给能够满足所有社会成员的基本需求时,他们就共享了许多重要的生活内容。但同时,国家统一化的福利供给与社会成员差异化的生活需求之间存在内在的紧张,在经济危机等因素的作用下,这种紧张引致了'社会—国家'的衰落,并促使所有国家都通过社区建构与社区治理来解决'社会—国家'退场之后留下的社会问题与治理问题。从西方国家的实践来看,作为一种治理技术,社区治理改变了'社会—国家'的构造方式,把社会拆成了一个个孤立的社区,把国家的责任转化成了社区的责任,进而用社区共享取代了社会共享,造成了严重的公共性缺失。

Modernization has given rise to the social-state,which makes the society a shared life space among all of its members,and the state the upholder of the space.The way for the state to uphold this shared space to provide unified social welfare to all of its citizens,without recognizing and taking into account the differences of each citizen’s need.Since 1970 s,influenced by economic and demographic crises,this tension has caused the fall of the social-state,and impelled many countries to tackle the problems left by the diminishing social-state through community building and community governance.In practice,western countries’community governance has dismantled the social into isolated communities,and replaced social sharing by community sharing,resulting in a severe deficit of publicness.