马克思道德理论的历史生成

The Historical Formation of Marx’s Moral Theory

伍德、米勒等人之所以得出马克思是'非(反)道德主义'的结论,原因之一在于他们只是碎片化地捡取马克思著作中的只言片语,对马克思道德理论的认识和理解缺乏历史生成视角和历史语境。马克思在向现实挑战、向其他思想挑战、向自身思想观念的挑战中建构了道德理论,只不过马克思道德理论不是一步完成的,经历过'莱茵报时期'的激进自由主义道德观和'巴黎时期'的革命人本主义的道德观之后,在'布鲁塞尔时期'马克思开始转换道德理解范式,由内在理解转向外在理解,由道德诉求转向意识形态理解。马克思在《资本论》中依据历史唯物主义,通过对资本主义生产方式历史的追溯、资本主义生产领域的剖析和剩余价值的发现把道德理论推向深入,实现了思想的科学性与价值性的统一。通过历史回溯,可以清楚呈现马克思道德理论具有实践性、革命性和科学性的鲜明特色。

One of the reasons why Wood and Miller came to the conclusion that Marx was'non(anti)moralism'was that they only fragmented a few words from Marx’s works,lacking historical perspective and historical context to understanding of Marx’s moral theory.Marx constructed the moral theory in the challenge to reality,to other thoughts and to his own ideas.But Marx’s moral theory is not completed in one step.After experiencing the radical liberal morality in the'Rhine Paper Period'and the revolutionary humanistic morality in the'Paris Period,in the'Brussels period',Marx began to change the paradigm of moral understanding,from internal understanding to external understanding,from moral appeal to ideological understanding.According to historical materialism in Capital,Marx pushed the moral theory to a deeper level by tracing back the history of capitalist mode of production,analyzing the field of capitalist production and discovering surplus value,and realized the unity of scientificity and value.Through historical retrospect,we can clearly show the distinct personality of Marx’s moral theory which is practical,revolutionary and scientific.