“报应”“报复”抑或“修复”?——社会欺凌的教育哲学省思

Retribution,Retaliation,or Restoration?:Reflections on the Educational Philosophy of Social Bullying

面对欺凌,尽管人们通常都倾向于首先诉诸'依法''讲理'的方式,但在说理无效的情势下,整个社会又渐趋形成了一种'以闹求理'甚或'以暴制暴'的行事逻辑。事实上,自古以来,成人社会在应对欺凌的问题上存在求诸'上帝'(老天)、诉诸'法官'(警察)和仰赖'侠客'(或自扮'复仇者')等三种正义反应形式。其中,前两者属于相对客观的'报应性正义',后者则属于相对主观的'报复性正义'。不过,在处理'未成年人'之间的欺凌问题上,教育者(教师和父母)主张通过'说理教育'使双方'重修旧好',落实'修复性正义'。整体来看,报应性正义及其所象征的'天理'(良心)乃是报复性正义和修复性正义共同的价值基础和合法性根源,修复性正义应是报应性正义和报复性正义的理想图景,而报复性正义实则为前两种正义'求而不得'时寻求'法外正义'预留了人类原始的自主正义空间。

Despite the fact that,'reasoning'is the preferred mode to dealing with bullying'by law',however,under the situation of ineffective reasoning,the whole society has gradually formed a logic of'seeking reason by creating a disturbance'or'controlling violence by violence'.In fact,since ancient times,there have been three'just responses'to the problem of bullying between adults:rely on'God'(the Heaven)or the'judge'(policemen)as well as the chivalrous(or to be a self-help avenger).Among them,the former two belong to the relatively objective'retaliatory justice',the latter belong to the relatively subjective'retaliatory justice'.However,in dealing with bullying between juveniles,the educators(teachers&parents)advocate to patch up the broken relations through'reasonable education',and then implement'restorative justice'.On the whole,retributive justice as well as its symbolized'natural law'(good will)is the value foundation and legitimacy source of both retributive justice and restorative justice,restorative justice should be the ideal vision of both retributive justice and retaliatory justice,and retaliatory justice has reserved the original space of human autonomous justice when person who have no alternative within the first two kinds of justice to seek'out-of-law justice'instead of'juridical justice'.