贫困、婚姻与养老——农村大龄未婚男性家庭发展的风险与治理

Poverty,Marriage and Old-age Supports:Risks and Governance of Family Development of Rural Forced Bachelors

在男多女少的性别失衡社会,随着性别失衡后果的累积和蔓延,农村大龄未婚男性的规模日益庞大,其所在的家庭由于难以实现家庭功能和满足家庭需求而面临家庭发展的风险。有关性别失衡的实证研究和田野调查表明,农村大龄未婚男性家庭发展在个体生命历程、家庭生命周期以及家庭代际层面上往往面临多重贫困叠加影响,主要表现在贫困、婚姻与养老三大场域的风险,不仅制约整个生命周期的家庭发展,也是社会转型发展中的一个潜在重大风险。针对农村大龄未婚男性家庭发展的风险与治理,应以家庭发展的风险化解与能力构建为目标,协同政府、社会、市场以及家庭等多元治理主体,通过政府支持与自身能力建设,以正式社会支持与非正式社会支持为工具,实现对农村大龄未婚男性家庭发展的增能赋权,保障其可持续发展。

In a gender-imbalanced society,along with the accumulation and spread of the consequences of gender imbalances,the number of rural forced bachelors is increasing.Their families face the risk of family development due to hardly achieving family functions and meeting family needs.Empirical studies and field surveys on gender imbalance indicate that,the family development of rural forced bachelors often faces the multiple overlapped poverty from the perspectives of the individual life course,family life cycle and generational relations.It reflects risks mainly in the fields of poverty,marriage and old-age supports.Not only do these risks restrict the family development of the whole life cycle,but also these risks are a potential major risk in the social transformation and development.Therefore,the governance of family development of rural forced bachelors should aim at resolving risks and construction of capacity of family development.The multi-governance bodies should be coordinated,including government,society,market and family.Through paths of government support and self-capacity construction,the governance adopts formal social support and informal social support as tools,to empower family development of rural forced bachelors,and to ensure the long-term sustainable development.