中国近海渔场荒漠化:评价、原因与治理

Research on the Status,Causes and Governance of Marine Fishing Ground Desertification

近海渔汛消失甚至无鱼可捕等渔场荒漠化成为社会焦点。本文在构建渔业资源衰退分析框架基础上,运用因子分析法评估渔场荒漠化现状,剖析其原因,并提出治理方向。研究表明:(1)捕捞产量与增量是渔业资源状态的关键,当产量大于增量时渔场呈荒漠化趋势;(2) 1978—2016年,近海渔场荒漠化趋势明显,处于超负荷状态,近海捕捞量大于可捕量约59%;(3)捕捞强度和生境破坏是渔场荒漠化的主要直接原因,根本原因是现有治理政策依赖行政和缺乏激励相容机制,不能激发捕捞主体维护资源的集体行动和消除渔民竞争性捕捞的囚徒困境;(4)应从产权、渔民与社区视角构建激励相容机制,对现有唯利维坦式治理政策形成有益补充,从而扩大渔业资源增量和降低捕捞量。

Marine fishing ground desertification,including the disappearance of fishery season even no fish can be caught,which becomes a social focus.Based on the analysis framework of marine fishing ground desertification,this paper uses factor analysis to assess the desertification status,analyzes its causes and puts forward the direction of governance.The results show that:firstly,fisheries production and fishery resource increment are the keys to the issues.The desertification would happen if production were higher than increment.Secondly,from 1978 to 2016,the trend of desertification of marine fishing ground in China was obvious.Thirdly,over and unreasonable fishing,and external environmental damage are the mainly direct causes to desertification.Marine fishery resource governance policies,which are dependent on the administration,and are characterized as centralized and lack of incentive institutional arrangements,are fundamental reasons for the issue.Finally,some governance suggestions including of clearing property rights,incentive institution to arouse enthusiasm of the fisherman,community and other relative market subject are proposed to avoid the tragedy of the commons of marine fishing ground and fishing behavior of suboptimal choice dilemma.