论明代西南土司朝贡贡品的转变

Study on the Tribute Change of the Southwest Tusi in Mid-Late Ming Dynasty

经过正统及之后历代统治者对朝贡活动的整顿,明代西南土司朝贡贡品的相关问题存在颇为明显的转变:首先,相较于明初贡品内容的混乱,明代中后期土司贡品的类型更为集中;其次,明中后期各家土司贡品规模更加明确具体,组织贡品的方式更加体制化;最后,明代中后期贡品出现大量'折纳'为银上贡的现象。贡品的转变折射出明朝廷开始将西南土司的贡品纳入到国家统一的经济管理之中,西南土司内地化进程由此加快。

After the rectification of the tribute activities of the Southwest Tusi(chieftain)by the rulers during the midlate Ming Dynasty,the tribute of the Southwest Tusi changed considerably.Firstly,compared with the confusion of tribute contents in the early Ming dynasty,the types of tribute of Tusi in the mid-late Ming Dynasty were more concentrated;secondly,the scale of tribute of Tusi in the mid-late Ming Dynasty was more specific and the way of organizing tribute was more institutionalized;thirdly,in the mid-late Ming Dynasty,the phenomenon of'paying tribute in silver'appeared.The change of tribute reflected that the Ming government began to incorporate the tribute of the Southwest Tusi into the unified economic management of the country,accelerating the process of the internalization of the Southwest Tusi.