基于番茄产量品质水肥利用效率确定适宜滴灌灌水施肥量

Determination of optimal amount of irrigation and fertilizer under drip fertigated system based on tomato yield,quality,water and fertilizer use efficiency

研究滴灌施肥条件下水肥组合对温室番茄根系生长、产量品质和水肥利用效率的影响,并运用多元回归分析和空间分析相结合的方法,寻求满足单目标最大的灌水施肥制度,以及综合评价产量品质和水分利用效率的水肥调控效应,提出同时满足高产优质高效的最接近的灌水施肥制度。通过小区试验,设灌水和施肥(N-P2O5-K2O)2因素,3个滴灌水量(高水:100%ET0、中水:75%ET0、低水:50%ET0,ET0是参考作物蒸发蒸腾量)和3个施肥水平(高肥:240-120-150 kg/hm2、中肥:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2、低肥:120-60-75 kg/hm2)。结果表明,番茄产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和品质受灌水和施肥影响显著。产量与灌水量和施肥量正相关;减小灌水量和增大施肥量,水分利用效率增大;增大灌水量和降低施肥量,肥料偏生产力增大。维生素C和番茄红素随施肥量的增加先增大后降低(中水除外),可溶性糖随施肥量增加而降低(中肥除外),可溶性固形物和糖酸比分别在中水与低水、高水与低水之间差异显著(P<0.05)。根质量、根长、根表面积及根体积与产量有显著的线性正相关关系。通过多元回归分析和空间分析得出,灌水量为159 mm,施肥量为479.4、404.4和382.8 kg/hm2时,水分利用效率、番茄红素和糖酸比最大;灌水量为279 mm,施肥量为510 kg/hm2时,产量最大;灌水量为262 mm,施肥量为225 kg/hm2时,肥料偏生产力最大。产量和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的灌水施肥区间大约为210~230 mm和385~453 kg/hm2,产量、水分利用效率和品质同时达到大于等于85%最大值的最接近灌水施肥区间为198~208 mm和442~480 kg/hm2。此研究为当地温室番茄滴灌施肥生产过程中水肥科学管理提供指导依据。

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of different combinations of irrigation and fertilizer on root growth, yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency of drip fertigated greenhouse tomato. The multivariate regression analysis method was used to obtain the best combination of irrigation and fertilizer for maximum production of a single target. The spatial analysis method was further used to comprehensively evaluate the tomato yield, quality, water and fertilizer use efficiency to seek a high-yield, good-quality and low-water fertigation system for the closest acceptable production of multiple targets. The plot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse with two factors of irrigation and fertilizer (N-P2O5-K2O). There were three irrigation levels (high irrigation: 100%ET0; medium irrigation: 75%ET0; low irrigation: 50%ET0, ET0 was reference crop evapotranspiration) and three fertilizer levels (high fertilizer: 240-120-150 kg/hm2; medium fertilizer:180-90-112.5 kg/hm2; low fertilizer: 120-60-75 kg/hm2). The results showed that irrigation and fertilizer treatments significantly affected the tomato yield, quality, water use efficiency and partial factor productivity of fertilizer. Tomato yield was very significantly affected by irrigation and fertilizer interaction and which had positive correlations with irrigation and fertilizer amount. The high irrigation-high fertilizer treatment had a maximum yield of 97.1t/hm2. The water use efficiency increased but the partial factor productivity of fertilizer decreased with the decreasing irrigation water and increasing fertilizer amount, at the same time, the water use efficiency decreased but the partial factor productivity of fertilizer increased with the increasing irrigation water and decreasing fertilizer amount. The maximum water use efficiency of 47.7 kg/m3 and partial factor productivity of fertilizer of 305.5 kg/kg were recorded for the low irrigation-high fertilizer treatment and high irrigation-low fertilizer treatment, respectively, and the minimum water use efficiency of 27.8 kg/m3 and partial factor productivity of fertilizer of 152.6 kg/kg were recorded for the high irrigation-low fertilizer treatment and low irrigation-high fertilizer treatment, respectively. Vitamin C and lycopene content first increased and then decreased with increasing fertilizer amount (except for medium irrigation treatment). Soluble solids content had significant difference between high and low fertilizers. Organic acid and soluble sugar content of low fertilizer had significant difference with high and medium fertilizers. Sugar acid ratio had no significant difference between different fertilizer treatments. The root dry weight was very significantly influenced by irrigation and fertilization interaction, total root length and total root volume were significantly influenced by single factor of fertilizer and irrigation amount, the total root surface area was only significantly influenced by fertilizer amount. The root dry weight first increased and then decreased with increasing fertilizer amount under high and medium irrigation treatments, and which was significantly reduced with decreasing irrigation amount under medium fertilizer treatment. The root weight, length, surface area and volume had obvious linear positive correlations with tomato yield. Through the multivariate regression analysis and the spatial analysis methods, the results showed that the maximum water use efficiency was obtained with a combination of irrigation 159 mm and fertilizer 479.4 kg/hm2;the maximum lycopene and sugar acid ratio were obtained with irrigation 159 mm and fertilizer 404.4 and 382.8 kg/hm2;the maximum yield was obtained with irrigation 279 mm and fertilizer 510 kg/hm2;the maximum partial factor productivity of fertilizer was obtained with irrigation 262 mm and fertilizer 225 kg/hm2. Acceptable yield and quality were (≥85% of corresponding maximum values) were obtained within the range of irrigation water 210~230 mm and fertilizer amount 385~453 kg/hm2, while the acceptable yield, lycopene and water use efficiency (≥85%of corresponding maximum values) were obtained within the range of irrigation water 198~208 mm and fertilizer amount 442~180 kg/hm2. The research provides a guidance basis for scientific management of water and fertilizer in greenhouse tomato production under the local drip fertigated condition.