中国宪法改革的几个基本理论问题

Several Theoretical Issues Confronting Constitutional Reform in China

中国宪法应当从“改革宪法”向“宪政宪法”转变 ,作者以此为基点 ,结合 2 0年来的经验 ,讨论宪法改革面临的理论问题。首先 ,宪法之根本法则由以人本和自由为核心的价值法则、张扬人民主权的政治法则和体现程序理性的程序法则构成 ,蕴涵道统、政统和法统 ,是宪法合法性、权威性和稳定性的终极来源和根基。其次 ,宪法作为法律应具有的效力有赖于违宪审查和宪法诉讼 ,但不是宪法的一切内容都要司法化 ;应区分宪律与宪德 ,并按法治的要求加以识别和转化。其三 ,界定违宪主体和违宪行为应以立法模式为主兼及治理模式 ,人民代表大会制度下的宪法监督要体现人民主权和程序理性的完好结合。最后 ,宪法是价值法则通过政治法则和程序法则在公共领域里的运用 ,以约束权力和保障权利为核心 ;宪法改革应围绕宪法核心问题 ,调整好国家权力与阶级结构的关系、国家权力内部的横向、纵向关系以及执政党与国家政权机关的关系 ;同时 ,转化使用走进权利时代过程中的积极要素 ,将人权概念引入宪法 ,并改进权利体系和权利救济。

China should now begin the transition from “constitutional reform” to “constitutionalism.” The author, on the basis of twenty years' experience, discusses the theoretical issues confronting constitutional reform in China. First of all, the fundamental constitutional principles consist of rules of value embodying humanity and freedom, political rules advocating popular sovereignty and procedural rules embodying procedural reason. They incorporate morally, politically and legally constituted authority. These principles are the ultimate source and base of the legitimacy, authority and stability of the constitution. Next, the efficiency of the constitution as a law relies on constitutional review and constitutional actions, but the adjudication does not apply to all the contents of constitution. Third, in determining a subject or act to be unconstitutional, the criteria should derive from a legal model in the first instance, while administrative models should also be taken into consideration. Finally, the constitution is an application of the rules of value through political rules and procedural rules and focuses on restraining power and safeguarding rights.