从“道德评价优先”到“历史评价优先”——马克思异化理论发展中的视角转换

From “Moral” to “Historical Evaluation” ——A Switchover in Perspective during the Development of Marx' Theory of Alienation

异化是马克思一生理论思考中的一个基本概念。在马克思异化概念的发展中 ,存在着一个根本性的视角转换 ,即从青年马克思的“道德评价优先”转向成熟时期马克思的“历史评价优先” ,而这一视角转换的前提则是马克思创立的历史唯物主义理论。由于这一实质性的视角转换未被揭示 ,把青年马克思的异化理论等同于整个马克思的异化理论的误解则不可避免 ,从而埋没了成熟时期马克思异化理论的重大价值。本文认为 ,惟有从历史唯物主义的基本理论出发 ,认真地解读成熟时期的马克思的著作 ,才能发现其异化概念发展中出现的这一视角转换 ,从而全面地、准确地把握马克思的异化概念以及它在整个马克思理论体系中的地位和作用。

Alienation” was one of the basic concepts in Marx' life long theoretical deliberations. As he developed this concept he made a fundamental switch in perspective , i.e., from “moral evaluation” in his youth, to “historical evaluation” when he was mature. The precondition of this perspective change is the theory of historical materialism created by Marx. Since this changeover of perspective was not revealed, the young Marx' theory of alienation was inevitably mistaken for his whole theory of alienation and the great significance of the theory of alienation of the mature Marx was concealed. Only when we start from the basic theory of historical materialism and conscientiously read mature Marx' works can we discern this switch of perspectives and gain a comprehensive and correct understanding of Marx' conception of alienation and its position and role in the whole scheme of Marxist theory.