省界、业界与阶级:近代中国集团力量的兴起及其难局

Identity of Provincial Fellowship, Professional Circle and Class: The Emergence and the Predicament of Social Groups in Modern China

集团力量的兴起所涉及的是社会动员方式的转变 ,是国家与社会形成对应关系的产物。走出科考时代的读书人主要是经由“地缘”因素有了最初的聚集 ,随之超越地缘的“业界”意识构成聚集的基础 ;进一步地 ,阶级意识的提升又影响到集团力量的形成。此可看出 ,近代中国集团力量的形成 ,其表征明显是“省界”、“业界”及“阶级”等亚文化圈 ,社会动员也主要在这些环节展开。然而 ,以此为基础所形成的集团力量 ,距离政治共同体还有相当的距离。因此 ,构成近代中国集团力量基础的省界、业界以及阶级意识的凸显 ,实际成为中国形成政治共同体的难局。

The emergence of social groups indicates changes in the mode of social mobilization. It results from the development of reciprocal relations between state and society. When the imperial examination system came to an end, intellectuals began to associate on the basis of their geographical locations and professions. The emergence of class consciousness then became an important basis of social group formation. Thus it can be seen that the emergence of subcultural groups such as provincial fellowships, professional circles and classes led to the formation of social groups. These groups also provided a new stage for social mobilization. Nevertheless, they were not yet political communities. Indeed, they hindered the formation of political communities in modern China.