东晋南朝乡村社会组织与管理的变迁

Vicissitudes of the countries organization and administration in Nan dynas ty of dong jin

在东晋政权偏安江南 ,北方十六国征杀不已的情况下 ,南北双方在各自的历史背景下 ,其乡里组织亦出现了明显的差异 ,东晋政权继续实行汉、西晋以来的官方乡里体系 ,而北方十六国除在个别地区有官方乡里体系的影子 ,绝大多数的乡里组织已为坞壁所取代。这种影响延及以后南朝、北朝时期的乡里组织体系 ,南朝宋、齐、梁、陈诸政权因袭了两晋的乡、里、什、伍体系 ,而北朝则在当时动乱、坞壁丛生、“宗主督护”制盛行的基础上试图重新恢复官方对乡村社会的统治 ,这种努力的结果便是北魏三长制的推行。应该说 ,东晋南朝的乡里体系与北朝的三长制乡村管理组织是形态迥异的两套乡村组织体系。值得注意的是 :无论在南朝还是北朝 ,作为乡村民众聚居地的“村” ,逐渐具有了乡村组织的职能 ,特别是在南朝 。

In Dong Jin regime,there were wars among the northern 16 countries and obvious discrepancies in the countries organizations and administration emerges. Most of the regimes like Song,Qi,Liang and Chen in the south dynasty followed th e country organization system of North and South dynasties,which had four degre es in the basic governmental administration.But,the North dynasty followed the s an zhang system in Bei Wei dynasty.It should be pointed out that the above two s ystems were quite different from each other.What is worth noticing is that whate ver the South and the North dynasties,the places where people lived together gra dually had the functions of countries organizations from then on .In the South d ynasty such situations were more obvious.