犯罪预防的新思路:利用环境设计预防犯罪——奥斯卡·纽曼的“防卫空间理论”述评

New Ideas for Crime Prevention:the Use of Environmental Design during Crime Prevention——Review of Oscar.Newman's"Defensible Space Theory"

为了有效地预防犯罪,美国犯罪学家和行为建筑学家奥斯卡·纽曼提出了"防卫空间理论"并将这种方法系统化。其理论根据是:利用环境设计改变物理环境的空间样式的功能,以此改变居民的行动方式和增加相互间的社会联系,达到预防犯罪的目的。防卫空间就是一种本身具有防范犯罪的自然属性的建筑设计模式,这种建筑设计模式向居民和潜在的犯罪人都表明,这座建筑内外的所有人都受到监视,从而对潜在犯罪人的心理产生抑制作用,使其不敢在这一地区进行犯罪。"防卫空间理论"虽然开拓了环境设计的新理念,为预防犯罪提供了富有可行性的新思路,但由于缺乏完整的体系建构,而且实践也已经证明,这种预防犯罪的新模式仍然具有相当的局限性。

In order to prevent crime effectively,Oscar·Newman,a criminologist and architect of the United States,put forward the'Defensible Space Theory'and systematizes the method.According to the theory,we can change the behavior way of residents and enhance mutual social contact to fulfill the purpose of crime prevention by changing the function of the spatial mode in the physical environment by environmental design.Defensible space is the architectural mode that has the natural attribute of crime prevention.It shows both the residents and potential criminals that all in and out of the building is under surveillance, which will suppress the psychology of potential criminals so that they didn't dare commit a crime in the region.Based on'Defensible Space Theory',new ideas for environmental design are produced and new feasible ideas for crime prevention are provided.However,because of lacking in integrated construction of the system,this new mode of crime prevention still has comparative limitations,which has been proved in the practice already.