刑法治理的公众参与:过程叙事、理论重塑与路径实现

Public Participation in the Governance of Criminal Law:Process Narrative,Theoretical Reconstruction and Path Realization

在当代社会中,刑法作为法律体系中最为重要的部门法之一,理应具有治理社会的重要功能。虽然刑法自诞生之日起就承载着'打击犯罪'的使命,但这不意味着刑法就是狰狞的面目。而事实上,我国刑事立法与刑事司法的现状逐渐折射出刑法治理的社会公众参与程度严重不足,具体表现为立法中社会公众很难有实质性参与,即便在司法中有所参与,参与的权限和范围也极为有限。深究导致这一现状的根源,与以代议制民主理论为基础而建构的立法与司法参与模式休戚相关,而代议制民主本身具有的理论缺陷将不可避免地导致刑法难以实现科学化地治理。而目前,标识一种致力于改善民主质量的协商制民主逐渐在世界范围内得到认可和推崇,因此基于协商民主理论基础之上建构刑法治理的具体方案无疑具有可取性。具体而言,在立法中应当贯彻商谈理性,从广泛性、平等性以及充分性等方面保障社会公众能够最大限度地参与其中;在司法过程中,基于共识理论的要求,也应当较大程度地吸纳社会公众参与其中。

In contemporary society,criminal law,as one of the most important department laws in the legal system,should have the important function of governing society.Although the criminal law has been carrying the mission of ucracking down on crimew since its birth,it does not mean that the criminal law is a ruthless face.In fact,the status of criminal legislation and justice gradually reflects the serious inadequacy of public participation in the governance of criminal law in China,which is manifested in the fact that it is difficult for the public to participate substantially in legislation,even if they participate in the judiciary,but the Jurisdiction and scope of participation is extremely limited.A thorough study of the root causes of this situation is made.It is closely related to the mode of legislation and judicial participation based on representative democracy theory.And the theoretical defects of representative democracy will inevitably lead to the difficulty of scientific governance of criminal law.At present,a consultative democracy which is committed to improving the quality of democracy is gradually recognized and respected worldwide.Therefore,it is undoubtedly desirable to construct a concrete scheme of criminal law governance based on the theory of consultative democracy.Specifically,the legislature should implement negotiation rationality,ensure the maximum participation of the public from the aspects of universality,equality and adequacy;in the judicial process,based on the requirements of consensus theory,should also absorb a greater degree of public participation.