正当防卫之不法侵害的司法认定:客观条件的主观标准

The Judicial Recognition of the Illegal Infringement of Self-defense:the Subjective Criteria of Objective Conditions

在我国正当防卫认定的司法实践中,存在'片面结果导向'的倾向和追求道德'洁癖'的倾向。究其根源均在于正当防卫成立前提之不法侵害认定标准模糊。不法侵害之'不法'判断,应从实质违法论的角度站在防卫人的立场进行判断,只要其遭受的侵害不存在违法阻却事由,对防卫人而言就是不法。不法侵害之'侵害'存在与否,从正当防卫合法化根据和保护国民自由的角度出发,应依据防卫人在行为时所认识的事实在行为时进行判断,而不是依据事后查明的所有客观事实在事后进行判断。对于偶然防卫,由于防卫人并未认识到不法侵害正在进行,据此能够排除正当防卫成立的可能,其是否成立犯罪应依据犯罪成立的主客观条件进行认定。对于假想防卫和防卫挑拨,在理论上均存在成立正当防卫的空间。

In the judicial practice of justifiable defense recognized in our country,there is a tendency of one-sided result-oriented and a tendency to pursue impeccable in moral.The root cause is that the standard to recognize illegal infringement is fuzzy which is the premise of legitimate defense.We should judge the lawless of unlawful infringement on the point of substance violation theory and by the defenders stand.As long as there is no justifiable cause in the infringement,it is illegal for the defenders.From the perspective of the legalization basis of justifiable defense and the protection of civil liberties,whether there is an infringement should be judged according to the fact that the defender knows when he acts,rather than the fact that all the objective facts identified after the fact are later judged.In the case of accidental defense,it is impossible to establish justifiable defense because the defenders do not realize that the infringement is ongoing.Whether the defender should be a crime or not is determined according to the subjective and objective conditions of the establishment of the crime.For the imaginary defense and provocative defense,there is possibility of establishing justifiable defense in theory.