受害人承诺与受害人自冒风险中的刑民关系研究——基于英美法系与德国的比较视角

On the Consent of Victims and Assumption of Risk of Victims from Relations between Criminal Law and Civil Law——A Comparative Perspective based on Common Law Legd System and Germany

对于人身损害案件,在英美法中,由于受害人承诺与受害人自冒风险在刑法与侵权法上的抗辩效力存在差异,因此存在着刑法评价违法而民法评价不违法的异化局面,但是刑民评价随着侵权法的转变而逐渐趋同。在德国法中,刑法与侵权法关于受害人承诺保持着高度一致,受害人自冒风险则可能在刑法上被评价为不违法但在民法上被评价为违法,两种情形均符合刑民关系的常态。对于我国而言,为了实现刑民关系的和谐,需要对受害人承诺与受害人自冒风险进行刑法与民法上的整体思考。在《民法典》制定中,受害人承诺可以成为受到严格限制的免责事由,而受害人自冒风险尚不宜成为免责事由,仍应维持过错相抵的现行做法。

In the Anglo-American law,the case of personal injury which includes the victim's consent or the assumption of risk can be evaluated illegal in criminal law,but not illegal in tort law,which results in an inappropriate relationship between criminal and civil law,but the change of the tort law lead to a convergence between these two evaluations. In German law,the attitudes of criminal law and tort law towards the victim's consent maintain a high degree of consistency,and the case of the assumption of risk can be assessed not illegal in the criminal law,but illegal in civil law,which is acceptable and normal.In order to achieve a harmonious relationship between criminal law and civil law in China,the victim's consent and the assumption of risk should be considered as a whole in both criminal and civil law.In the formulation of the Civil Code,the victim's consent can be a defense with strict limits,while the assumption of risk should maintain the rule of contributory negligence.