俄罗斯前科制度研究

The Research on the Institutions of Prior Conviction in Russia

俄罗斯联邦现行刑事立法明确规定了前科与前科终止制度。前科作为俄罗斯刑事立法与司法中一项重要法律制度,是不同历史时期保障俄罗斯社会与国家免受犯罪侵害的重要法律规制手段之一。俄罗斯学界在前科概念、本质属性的界定,前科后果的认定与界分,以及前科与刑事责任之间关系等问题上存在不同主张。俄罗斯各时代刑法学者依托于各自学术立场阐释出各具特色的前科理论界说,客观上促进了前科制度在当代俄罗斯刑事立法与司法适用进程中的不断完善。与此同时,俄罗斯前科制度之自身法律属性决定了其法律后果不仅体现于俄刑事法律范畴当中,而且还反映在其他民事法律关系领域。俄罗斯联邦宪法法院和最高法院、俄罗斯联邦国家杜马、司法部等相关职权部门对于前科及前科消灭制度的相关立法规定均阐明了各自不同立场。俄相关法律法规对有前科公民的某些限制性规定已然成为俄罗斯联邦宪法法院违宪审查之特别诉讼对象。

The institutions of prior conviction and its termination is expressly provided for the existing criminal legislation of the Russian Federation.A Prior conviction as an important legal Institute is one of the important methods of legal regulation in the Russian criminal law and pravosudia for maintaining the Russian society and state from criminal attacks in different historical periods of Russia.In the circle of Russian theorists are present different views on the definition and essential features of Prior conviction,identify the effects of a Prior conviction,and relationship between the prior conviction and criminal responsibility.Russian scientists of criminal law in different times on the basis of their scientific positions presented peculiar doctrines of prior conviction,which objectively contributes to continuous improvement of the Institute of prior conviction in today’s process of the Russian criminal legislation and judicial application.At the same time,its own legal attribute of the Institute of prior conviction in Russia determined,the legal consequences of prior conviction are reflected not only in the Russian criminally-legal category,but also in other legal relationships.The constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation,the State Duma,the Ministry of justice and other competent authorities have different attitudes on the relevant legislative provisions about prior conviction and termination of a prior conviction.Some statutes about restrictions on rights of citizens,that are associated with a prior conviction,was the subject of consideration by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.