论欧盟知识产权海关执法制度的对内统一化与双边国际化

On the Internal Unification and Bilateral Internationalization of EU Customs Enforcement System of Intellectual Property Rights

从20世纪80年代开始,欧盟相继制定了《第3842/86号条例》《第3295/94号条例》《第1383/2003号条例》和《第608/2013号条例》,对内逐步统一各成员国的知识产权海关执法制度,不仅使其知识产权海关执法制度进入一个新阶段,而且大幅度提高了海关知识产权执法的主动性和效率,为欧盟知识产权权利人的权益提供了制度保障。与此同时,欧盟也通过签订FTA的方式向外推广欧盟的内部标准,促进其知识产权海关执法制度的国际化,其中有代表性的是《欧盟—加勒比论坛EPA》《欧盟—韩国FTA》《欧盟—新加坡FTA》《欧盟—加拿大CETA》这四个FTA。2014年,欧盟知识产权海关执法活动取得显著成效,中国仍然是欧盟打击知识产权侵权的重点国家。2014年,中国海关开展了多次专项活动,取得了一定的成效,但中国的知识产权海关执法制度在实施中仍然面临诸多困境,比如以海关主动执法为主、执法客体范围狭窄、执法集中在出口环节、受益人多为外国权利人以及执法程序不规范。对此,我们应当适当地借鉴欧盟的经验,调整执法客体范围,改进执法程序,建设电子海关,提高执法技术以及加强与其他国家的合作。

Since 1980’s,through Council Regulation( EEC) No 3842/86,Council Regulations( EC) No. 3295/94,No. 1383/2003 and No. 608/2013,the EU has unified gradually its members’ customs enforcement system of intellectual property rights,which not only makes EU customs enforcement system of intellectual property rights enter into a new stage,but also promotes significantly the initiative and efficiency of EU customs enforcement and provides guarantee for intellectual property rights holders in EU. Meanwhile,the EU has also spread its internal standards outward by means of signing FTAs with other countries so as to promote the internationalization of its customs enforcement system of intellectual property rights,in which four typical FTAs are selected: the EU—Cariforum Economic Partnership Agreement,the EU—the Republic of Korea Free Trade Agreement,the EU—Singapore Free Trade Agreement and the EU—Canada Comprehensive Trade Agreement. In 2014,EU customs enforcement system of intellectual property rights has made remarkable achievements,China is still regarded by EU as main country concerning the infringement to intellectual property rights. In 2014,the customs in China have carried out various special actions with some achievements.However,in the implementation of the customs enforcement of intellectual property rights,there have been still some difficulties in our country,e. g.enforcement is mainly taken by customs;the enforcement objects’ range is narrow;enforcement is focused on export;beneficiaries are mostly foreign right-holders and enforcement procedures are irregular. Thus,we shall appropriately draw on experience from EU,for example, adjusting the objects range of customs enforcement,improving enforcement procedures and techniques,promoting the construction of e-customs and strengthening the cooperation with other countries.