2003年安徽省小麦赤霉病的发生特点·防治对策与建议

The Prevalence of Wheat Scab in Anhui Province and the Countermeasures

20 0 3年安徽省小麦扬花灌浆期间频频降雨 ,4月份降水量淮北中北部地区偏多 8成～ 1.5倍 ,其他地区偏多 1～ 6成 ;月雨日沿淮淮北地区 10～ 16d ,淮河以南地区 17～ 2 1d ,显著偏多 ;全省大部分地区土壤墒情处于过湿状态 ,渍涝面积大。而赤霉病子囊孢子成熟度和释放高峰期又与小麦扬花期正好吻合 ,加上冬春季的低温冻害又降低了一些品种的抵抗力 ,导致小麦赤霉病发病时间早 ,持续时间长 ,发病范围广 ,危害程度大 ,造成损失重。小麦赤霉病打破了南北界限 ,沿江、江淮地区病情严重 ,淮北部分地区病穗率高达 5 0 %以上 ,严重度大多达到 3～ 4级 ,为历史所罕见 ,一般减产 3 0 %以上 ,严重的超过 5 0 % ,沿淮、淮南麦区部分田块损失更大。小麦赤霉病对人、畜健康和生命安全危害大 ,应引起高度重视。在防治对策上积极采取以农业防治为基础 ,结合选用抗病品种 ,关键时期进行药剂保护的综合防治策略 ;培育与利用抗病品种是控制小麦赤霉病 ,保证小麦高产、稳产、优质经济有效和安全的根本办法。建议 :尽快建立和完善专用小麦等农产品品质及安全检测体系 ,同国际接轨 ,制定赤霉病DON毒素的检测标准 ;进一步加强小麦赤霉病等病虫害的流行预测预报和防治工作 ,在品种布局上考虑高产优质的同时 。

Wheat scab (Fusarium Head Blight) ,caused by Gibberella Zeae (schw.) Petch, is one of the important factors reducing high losses in yield and grain quality in China. It's a major disease in the winter wheat zones in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Rive,coastal areas of Southern China, and the Northeast spring wheat zone. Anhui province was hard hit by the disease because of both the much more rainfall and raining days in the wheat flowering stage this year and release fastigium of FHB ascospores inosculated with flowering wheat. Many popular varieties got very heavy yield loses because of running short of the resistance to FHB even some varieties with moderate resistance in normal shown server infected the disease this year. It was primary assessed that the disease would cause average yield loses up to30%- 50%, and most of infected kernel could not be used as food or feed along the reach of Yangtze Rive and Huaihe Rive. Some integrated countermeasures which base on agro-prevent and applying chemical fungicides are present against the disease. The best option, which proven to be economical, efficient, safe and without environmental pollutions, is to plant varieties with best resistance. Wanmai 43, one of new wheat varieties which derived by ion beam irradiation technique, performed higher resistance to FHB in such circumstances this year. The author appeals to establish Fusarium toxin DON criterion and agriculture production quality and security measure system.