明末清初图们江内外瓦尔喀研究

A Study on the Ancient Tribe of Warga on the Tumen River in the Period of Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties

清初著作记有东海瓦尔喀 ,学术界多谓是东海库尔喀或牡丹江虎尔哈之异称。本文对瓦尔喀诸问题进行探讨 ,提出新看法 :( 1)东海瓦尔喀是指明末清初分布在图们江内外的女真人。 ( 2 )他们是明初建州斡朵里部、建州兀良哈部、毛怜兀良哈部以及狭义“女真”的胤裔。 ( 3)特别对安楚拉库瓦尔喀进行了研究 ,提出其地域在今和龙市境 ,是明初第三毛怜卫胤裔 ,纠正了乾隆时绘制的《战迹舆图》标注于阿勒楚喀之误。 ( 4)对建州部、乌拉部剽掠瓦尔喀进行了分析 ,提出努尔哈赤把瓦尔喀强行掳掠到建州 ,实际是使流落各地的支系骨血归宗。这一行动充实了建州女真的军事实力 ,促进了农业发展 ,为其统一女真诸部 ,建立后金政权 。

In the early Qing literature was recorded the East Sea Warga, which is identified by quite a few researchers with the East Sea Kurga or Mudanjiang Hurha. This paper discusses some questions concerning Warga and puts forward some new opinions. First, the East Sea Warga refers to the Nuzhen (or Jurchen) distributed on the Tumen River in the period of late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Second, they were descendants of such tribes as the Jianzhou Woduoli, Jianzhou Wuliangha, Maolian Wuliangha and the 'Nuzhen' in the narrow sense. Third, a special study is made on the Anchulaku Warga, indicating that they were descendants of the Third Maolian Guard in the early Ming Dynasty and that they were distributed in the area of present Helong, Jilin Province. At the same time, the paper corrects the mistake in the Zhanji Yutu (Frontier Map of the Battlefields), which, drawn during the Reign of Qianlong, marked their area in Alechuka. Fourth, an analysis is made on the pillage of the Warga by the Jianzhou tribes and the Wula tribes, putting forward the viewpoint that Nurhachi's pillage of the Warga to Jianzhou actually made them return to their original roots. This action enlarged the Jianzhou Nuzhen's strength, promoted agricultural development and laid the foundation for the unification of the Nuzhen tribes and the founding of the Later Jin regime.