退化生态系统的恢复与管理——兼论自然保护区在其中发挥的作用

On the Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems: with Special Reference of Protected Areas in the Restoration of Degraded Lands

生态系统退化与人口的增加及人类的活动有直接的关系。长期以来人类对自然生态系统的掠夺性利用造成了各类生态系统的退化 ,即人为原因是主要的 ,而自然原因是次要的。在退化生态系统的治理方面 ,关键要减少自然生态系统恢复演替中人为的压力 ,而大面积的土地可借助自然力恢复 ,恢复后的土地可发展成自然保护区 ,并开展生态旅游等非直接破坏性的活动。应充分考虑到社区的发展问题 ,解决人的生存出路并提高他们的生活质量 ,从而在根本上缓解对自然生态系统的压力。本文提出了“以地养地”并借助自然力恢复退化生态系统的模式 ,利用各种具体例子阐明了我们的观点。

The present degradation of various ecosystems is so serious in China that they can hardly support the survival of human being. The degradation has been induced largely by the increase of population, because the increased numbers of human being have to over exploit the natural resources which leads to the degradation of ecosystems in a dead way. To treat such serious degradations, the wisest way is to help the local people to get rid of poverty. Most of the fund need to be spent for the people rather than planting trees or grasses. Such planting wasted a great deal of money however received less effects in the stabilization of the soils. Natural processes could be enhanced if the huge population or animal pressures were lessened,then the protected areas can be set up after the degraded lands are recovering. Land use patterns of such as eco_tourism should be encouraged since such a land use will cause the least destruction of the natural ecosystems. A new model of using a small part of land to care for the large part of the degraded area and using the natural process to restore degraded ecosystems is given by us. The philosophy of ancient China which is harmonious instead of opposing the nature is still useful in the restoration of any degraded ecosystems in China today. However, if we could achieve from any so_called ecological engineering, the management of the population through eco_town, both economically and ecologically, should be firstly addressed.