弱势社群的公共表达:草根NGO的政策倡导行动和策略

Public Expression of Vulnerable Communities:Policy Advocacy and Strategies of the Grassroots NGOs

西方社会中,草根NGO联盟在推动弱势社群公共表达中发挥着重要作用,其利用庞大的社群成员资源和规模压力,逐渐成为全国性政策倡导的行动主体。但中国地方草根NGO形成全国联盟,在组织资源和政治机会结构方面面临诸多限制。首先,倡导型草根NGO的专业性和资金等资源相对缺乏。其次,倡导型草根NGO本身以及联盟难以获得合法身份,也没有制度渠道进行政策表达,这使得它们只能创新“替代”策略进行公共表达。研究发现:弱势社群草根NGO联盟通过吸纳具有影响力的社会政治精英建构行动政治合法性;与国际公益组织合作,弥补自身内外部资源和行动能力的不足,扩大政策倡导的社会影响力和关注度;选择现有公民个体表达诉求的两会制度作为接触政府部门、提交政策提案或议案的中介,并通过“吸纳”专业精英建构提案或议案的专业性和社会合法性。全国范围的政策倡导又会扩展地方倡导的政治机会结构,草根NGO联盟通过推动地方公民和草根NGO执行社会调查、提供政策模板以及与日常虚拟社群的沟通交流等方式,扩展了地方倡导行动的动员结构,为持续性倡导行动提供了可能。

In the Western setting,the grassroots NGO coalition plays a vital role in promoting the public expression of vulnerable communities. Grassroots NGO coalition has gradually become the leading actor of national policy advocacy by resources and scale of community members. However,China’s grassroots NGOs coalition face many restrictions regarding organizational resources and political opportunities structure. Firstly,the grassroots NGOs relatively lack professionalism,funding,and other critical organizational resources. Secondly,the grassroots NGOs themselves and their coalition have difficulty obtaining legal status and have no institutional channels for policy expression. This unfavorable situation requires them to innovate ‘alternative’ strategies for public expression. The article finds that the grassroots NGO coalition of vulnerable communities has built up the political legitimacy of advocacy action by absorbing pow erful social and political elites. It has also cooperated with international NGO to make up for the lack of internal and external resources,which also can expand the social impact and public attention on policy advocacy. Then,the grassroots NGO coalition selects the existing institutional channel for individuals as an intermediary to contacting government officials,submitting policy proposals. Meanwhile,the grassroots NGO coalition adopts professional elites to build the professionalism and sociallegitimacy of proposals. National policy advocacy also expands the political opportunities structure of local advocacy by promoting local citizens and grassroots NGOs to conduct social surveys,providing policy templates,and communicating with daily virtual communities. The changing structure offers the possibility for continuous advocacy action.