物权法定主义:在自由与强制之间

The Doctrine of Numerus

对物权法定主义的传统解释导致了物权法的僵硬性 ,不符合社会经济的现实需要。不同物权类型的性质不同 ,在法律体系和社会生活中的地位和作用也不相同。可以把物权分为基础性物权与功能性物权。前者主要包括所有权、基地使用权等用益物权、典权和自然资源使用权 ;后者主要包括抵押权、质权、让与担保和留置权等。当事人设定功能性物权的根本目的是利用物的基础性权利 (如所有权 )来担保债权的实现。在法律上 ,对于基础性物权应当坚持物权法定主义 ,而功能性物权则可由当事人自由创设。

The traditional interpretation of the doctrine of numerus has resulted in the rigidity of the law of things and therefore cannot meet the need of social and economic development. Due to their different nature, different types of right of things have different status and roles in the legal system and social life. Rights of things can be divided into two categories: basic right of things and functional rights of things; the former mainly include usufrunctuary rights such as ownership and right to the use of curtilage, pawning right, and right to the use of natural resources; the latter mainly include right to mortgage, right of pledge, guarantee of alienation, and lien. The basic purpose of creating the functional right of things is to guarantee the realization of creditor's right through the exercise of basic rights (such as ownership). Basic rights of things should follow the doctrine of numerus while functional rights of things may be freely created by parties.