“样板戏”《海港》四种角色类型的美学探讨

An Aesthetic Probe into the Four Role Types of Model Opera Seaport

《海港》是首出反映社会主义建设斗争和生活的"样板戏",从淮剧《海港的早晨》到京剧《海港》(1972年演出本),历经数年,几易其稿,两者剧情的最大区别在于增加了一个阶级敌人钱守惟,其性质演变为阶级斗争。《海港》的人物角色设置遵循两极对立的原则,起初形象多元、比较生活化的诸人物逐渐向程式化的角色结构转变。根据人物在剧中的功能与行动,可将其分为四种角色类型:"保护者"、"协助者"、"需帮助者"和"破坏者",四者相互依存,构成一个整体。四种角色类型的形成并非仅仅应和于现实政治意识形态的需要,还是向古代戏剧传统回归的结果,乃两者之成功结合。

Seaport is the first Model Opera describing socialist construction and life.It underwent a series of manuscript recreation for years,from Huai Opera The Morning of the Seaport to Peking Opera Seaport,in which the main difference lies in the content where Qian Shouwei,a role of the class enemy is added and thus turns it into a class struggle.The roles in Seaport are designed as opposites,with a change from various roles of life-style to stylized roles.According to the function and action of roles,it can be divided into four role types:the protector,the assistant,the person who needs help and the saboteur,all of whom depend on each other and become a unity.These four role types are a successful combination of a need for an adjustment to the political ideology and a return to Chinese ancient opera tradition.