从斋舍到公寓——以住宿形态视角看我国高等教育育人理念的变迁

From Dormitory to Apartment:The Change of Educational Idea of Higher Education in China from the Perspective of Accommodation Form

传统书院教育目标是培养人格完善的'道德完人',教育内容以传统人文知识为主;近代大学教育目标是培养具有专门知识的'专业人才',教育内容以成体系的学科知识为主,尤其以科技知识为重。体现在学生的住宿形态上,从传统书院到旧式学堂,其斋舍的功能如出一辙;而新式学堂与现代大学相比,虽'形不似',但基因雷同;近代中华民族的灾难,使中国高等教育发展步履维艰,学生住宿之地常常连'安全睡眠'功能也难以保障,但德育自在其中;新中国的高等教育,包括改革开放后的高等教育,在经济发展的紧迫需要下,学生宿舍建设'短、平、快',形态如'鸽子笼',住宿功能明显,教育功能不彰;21世纪,高校学生住宿的形态呈现公寓化模式,学生公寓被定位是一种教育设施,既有生活功能,也是育人场所。这种定位既是对之前学生宿舍功能定位的反思,也是对传统斋舍功能定位的否定之否定,更是对当下高等教育内容既注重专业科技知识,也注重全面人文素养的呼应。可见,不同时期的学生住宿形态事实上与其教育理念、培养目标一脉相承。

The aim of traditional academy education is to cultivate'moral perfection'with perfect personality.The main content of education is traditional humanistic knowledge.The aim of modern university education is to cultivate'professional talents'with specialized knowledge.The main content of education is systematic subject knowledge,especially scientific and technological knowledge.In the form of students’accommodation,from traditional academies to old-fashioned schools,the functions of their dormitory are the same.While compared with modern universities,the new-style schools are similar both in shape and in genetics.The disaster of the early modern Chinese nation has made the development of higher education in China difficult,and students’accommodation is often difficult to guarantee even the function of'safe sleep',but moral education is in it.Higher education in New China,including higher education after the reform and opening up,under the urgent need of economic development,students’dormitory construction is'short,flat and fast',in the form of'pigeon cage'and served for accommodation function.Obviously,the function of education is not clear.In the 21 st century,the form of student accommodation in universities presents the apartment mode.Student apartment is positioned as an educational facility,which not only has the function of life,but also is a place for educating people.This orientation is not only a reflection on the function orientation of students’dormitories,but also a affirmation of the function orientation of traditional dormitories.It is also a response to the current content of higher education,which not only pays attention to professional scientific and technological knowledge,but also pays attention to comprehensive humanistic literacy.It can be seen that students’accommodation patterns in different periods are in fact in line with their educational concepts and training objectives.