英美刑法中不作为犯罪化规制的最新发展及我国借鉴

The Latest Development of Criminalization of Non-feasance in Anglo-American Criminal Law and Its Implication

我国现行刑法理论中关于作为义务来源的学理通说是以大陆刑法(以德日刑法为代表)为背景和参照而发展形成的,明显忽视英美刑法。本文以全球视野并重点结合英美刑法考察国际社会不作为刑法规制的最新发展,发现我国现行刑法理论中关于不作为刑法规制的学术研究存在着以下三个方面的不足:一是重理论阐述、轻立法考察,尤其是对两大法系国家纷纷出台'见义勇为'法律这一最新动态及其影响缺乏应有的关注;二是重大陆刑法、轻英美刑法,实际上近年来英美刑法在不作为犯罪的犯罪化限制、犯罪化立法以及判例实践等方面发展较快,值得研究;三是重具体问题的个别研究、轻刑法规制的整体驾驭和全面分析与比较,也就难以为我国不作为刑法规制的未来发展提供宽视野、多要素的参考借鉴。就作为义务来源这一不作为犯罪中的核心问题而言,笔者提倡并论证了将传统的'形式的四分说'发展为'形式的五分说',也即增加'基于对危险物之控制而产生的作为义务'这一新的义务来源类型。

In China’s current theory of criminal law,the general academic theory of the sources of obligation is based on the continental criminal law(represented by German and Japanese criminal law),which obviously ignores the Anglo-American criminal law.This paper,based on the global perspective and the emphasis on the Anglo-American criminal law,examines the latest development of the international community’s criminal law regulation on non-feasance and finds that the academic research on the regulation in China’s current criminal law theory has the following deficiencies.Firstly,it attaches more importance on theoretical exposition than legislative investigation.Especially,it lacks attention to the latest development and influence of the law for'brave act for a just cause'promulgated by countries of the two major legal systems.Secondly,it attaches more importance on criminal laws of continental legal system than that of Anglo-American legal system.In fact,in recent years,Anglo-American criminal law has developed rapidly in terms of the criminalization restriction of non-feasance,criminalization legislation and case practice,which are worthy of study.Thirdly,it attaches more importance on individual study of specific issues than overall control and comprehensive analysis and comparison of criminal law regulation,so that it is difficult to provide a broad perspective and multi-factor reference for the future development of China’s criminal law regulation on non-feasance.In terms of the source of obligation to act and the core issue in the crime of non-feasance,the author advocates and demonstrates the development of the traditional'quartering of form'into'quintile of form',that is to say,'obligation to act based on the control of dangerous substances',the new type of obligation source,should be added.