华北平原水资源平衡和节水农业发展的若干问题探讨

Discussion of Water Resource Balance and Water Saving Agriculture Development in Huabei Plain

分析了华北平原地下水位下降的原因主要是由于 :大量的工业和城市打井用水 ,大部分河流水用于城市生活用水 ,山区森林涵养水源的能力减小 ,农田井灌发展过快。提出了华北水资源平衡的对策主要是 :植被保育 ,增加人工降雨 ,水库合理蓄放 ,跨流域调水 ,水资源就地循环利用 ,工农业节约用水。通过对华北平原作物 (小麦 -玉米 ) -降雨 -灌溉 -水分利用效率分析 ,华北平原农田节水潜力和品种节水潜力分析 ,提出了华北平原节水农业发展的对策 :在小麦方面主要是改大水漫灌为小畦灌、管灌和喷灌 ,减少灌溉次数 ,降低灌溉量 ;在玉米方面主要通过提前进行麦垄点播 ,麦黄水和玉米出苗水一水两用 ,利用地膜栽培、隔沟灌等措施 ,减少灌溉量 ;另外要通过调整种植业结构 ,种植温棚蔬菜和花卉及果树 ,在作物品种方面要重视抗旱节水优质高产品种的选育和推广 ,提高水分利用效率和经济效率。

The main reasons of groundwater level falling of Huabei plain were as follows: large amount water was used in industry and city from underground water resource and river, the ability of forest conserving water is reducing in mountain areas, well irrigation was developed too quickly in farm field. The countermeasures for balancing water resource were suggested as follows: recovering vegetation for conserver more water, increase artificial rainfall, reasonable conserve and give out water in reservoir, transfer water from other area, water resource recycle utilized in the same area, water saving used in industry and agriculture. Through analyzed crop (wheat cron) rainfall irrigation water use efficiency, water saving potential in farm field and new variety in Huabei plain, the strategy of developing water saving agriculture was suggested as follows: In wheat field, larger amount and flooding irrigation should be changed little section irrigation or pipe irrigation or spray irrigation, irrigation times and amount should be decreased; in corn field, corn should be ahead seeded in wheat row about seven or ten day irrigation in wheat matured stage could supply water for corn germinate, plastic cover and alternating furrow irrigation should be widely used in corn field. In another way, structure of crop planting should be regulated, more vegetables and fruit trees and flowers should be planted in more plastic greenhouse, new variety that has good drought resistance and high yield ability and good quality should be selected and popularized for improving high water use efficiency and economy efficiency.