烟台市奶牛业现状调查与发展对策

Present Situation and Counterpart for Developing Yantai Dairy Cattle Industry

烟台市奶牛业在改革开放以后,特别是在过去6～7年内有了较快发展,奶牛头数由1978年的不足500头发展到2001年的27 000头,牛奶产量达87 320 t。人均年消费牛奶13.5kg。对烟台市三个奶牛场和三个奶农户抽样调查,5月中下旬奶牛日平均产奶量为24 kg,年单产约在6 000kg左右,与京、津、沪大型奶牛场的7 000kg至9 000kg有一定差距,杂交改良牛年单产依杂交改良代数和饲养管理水平不同,约在1500～4 000 kg。存在的主要问题是奶牛总存栏量少,育种体制不健全,伺料配合欠科学,个体户缺乏组织,产、加、销没有形成在市场经济条件下的利益共同体等。鉴此,应利用现代生物技术,加快现有品种改良,提高奶产业的产、加、销科学组织化程度,创立烟台品牌乳品加工企业等,使烟台市奶牛业向优质、高产、高效方向发展。

Investigation showed that Yantai diaryfarming has made great progress especially in the resent years. Population of dairy cattle has reached 27 000 heads in 2001. Yield of milk has reached 87 320 tons. The milk amount per person has reached 13. 5 kg per year that surpassed 6. 2 kg of the whole country. Based on the sampling and investigation, the pure dairy cow yielded about 24 kg per day and 6 000 kg of a lactation period, which is less than that of Beijing, Tianjing and Shanghai (more the 7 000 kg per year per cow in large or middle scale dairy-farming), and the individual yield of crossing breeds which make up of about 95% of the total number of dairy cattle in Yantai are around 1 500 to 4 000 kg. The major problems such as short of pure dairy cattle, lack of a sound breeding program and individual organization were found. Besides, the feed compositions were not rational. Hence, measures including application of modern technology like artificial insemination (AI), embryo transplanting should be taken. Detail breeding program should be set up and implemented. Other measures such as enhancing individuals breed's organization and management system, founding famous brand of milk products are needed. Only through these effective measures is the Yantai dairy - farming industry able to develop toward higher production, higher effective with higher quality.