“夷教”不宗:清代朝鲜人对清国喇嘛教的排斥——基于燕行使为中心的考察

Korean’s Investigation,Evaluation and Exclusion of Lamaism in the Qing Dynasty——The Investigation Basing on the Exercise of Yan Xing Mission

自明以来,朝鲜赴华使节就密切关注中国境内日渐兴盛的喇嘛教,并在诸多'使录'中加以评价。入清后,清廷大兴黄教做法进一步刺激了来华燕行使,他们欲借对喇嘛教的批判去发泄对清廷迫其臣服的不满。为此,朝鲜来华燕行使不仅详细考察了沿途喇嘛教寺庙,交游喇嘛僧,而且对该教做出评价,主旨不外斥其'胡夷''野蛮'与'不法'。尤其是乾嘉两朝欲将黄教输入朝鲜的做法,更遭到朝鲜方的坚决抵制。清代以燕行使为代表的朝鲜人对喇嘛教的排斥,不仅与清国风靡该教形成了对比,更与同时期朝鲜人不惜违背中朝双方禁令成功输入天主教形成了鲜明的反差。其间固然体现出朝鲜人对喇嘛教'夷教'不宗的排斥心理,更彰显出宋明以来朝鲜人思想层面上'自我中心'的逐渐生成,以及'近世史'内朝鲜由传统王国向近代主权国家转变过程中宗教信仰方面的自我选择。

Since the Ming Dynasty,Korean envoys to China paid close attention to the growing Tibetan Buddhism and evaluated it in a series of official Records.After entering the Qing Dynasty,the Qing Dynasty’s Policy of invigorating Yellow Religion and Jimi Mongolia and its practice of prospering Yellow Religion to vent his dissatisfaction with the Qing Dynasty’s barbarization of China and forced him to submit.To this end,the envoys not only made a detailed study of Lamaism(mainly yellow religion)temples along the way,but also gave a lot of comments on Lamaism monks and monks.The aim was to blame it’s absurdity,barbarism and lawlessness.When the Qianjia Dynasty wanted to import the Yellow religion into Korea,Korea tried to resist it.The harsh criticism and rejection of Lamaism by Korean people in the Qing Dynasty,represented by Yan’s exercise,not only contrasted with the popularity of the religion in Qing China,but also contrasted with the fact that Koreans in the same period did not hesitate to enter Catholicism into Korea.This not only reflected the Korean side’s rejection of Lamaism,but also reflected the gradual growth of self-centeredness in the Korean mind since the Song and Ming Dynasties,and the religious selections of the Korean people in the process of transition from the traditional kingdom to the modern sovereign state.