各取所需:运河功臣的再发明——宋礼、白英的立祀及其后裔的宗族建构

Recreating Two Meritorious Builders of the Grand Canal——The Sacrifices to Song Li and Bai Ying,and Their Descendants’ Lineage Construction

明永乐初年工部尚书宋礼重开会通河,运河得以成为漕粮运输的通道。然而宋礼本人却在近百年内不以河工闻名于世,直至其所开创的南旺分水口工程完全发挥作用,又逢工部成为运河管理的中坚力量时,方被大力颂扬,并最终于正德年间立祀。稍后宋礼子孙及辅助开河的老人白英的后裔也迁居工程所在地,并享有赏赐品官或祀田的优容。明清鼎革之后,正值管河官由工部官转为理民生的道臣,以宋、白后人名义的群体,通过编造文献,又或辅以河职,或凭藉在当地的势力,最终确立并扩大了优免差徭的祀田占有额,并以'社'的名义联结宗族,形成通过占垦湖田发展起来的地方势力。

The Minister of Industry Song Li of the early Ming Dynasty was ordered to deepen the northern section of the Grand Canal(i. e. Hui Tong River) by Emperor Yongle in 1411. Due to his work,the Grand Canal became the official route conveying tribute grain. But Song Li didn’t earn himself a reputation for this until almost a century later when the water control project he had created at Nanwang was totally in use,while the Ministry of Industry which Song Li belonged to also became the major administrator of the Grand Canal. Finally,the Ming government built a temple at Nanwang to praise his work on canal at Zhengde’s reign,then the reward extended to his descendants and his think-tanker Bai Ying and his descendants as well,including the honor hereditary officers for both and sacrificial lands for Song Li. Along with officers in charge of the Grand Canal changed to the circuit intendants(Dao officers) in the Qing Dynasty,the so-called descendants of Song Li and Bai Ying argued with these local officers by making up literature and using their political or native power,acquired enlarged sacrificial lands exempting from corvee. Moreover,they formed a lineage in the name of She(社),thus contributing to expanding their group which developed from lake lands reclamation.