明清时期土司承袭制度中国家治理的举措及特点

Measurements and Features of National Ruling of Chieftain's Inheriting System in Ming and Qing Dynasties

土司承袭制度是土司制度的核心制度。明清时期中央政府对土司承袭采取五种具体举措:一是颁布土司承袭法规,二是控制土司承袭相关程序,三是规定土司制作承袭文书,四是限制土司承袭次序,五是赐予承袭土司多种信物;土司承袭制度中的国家治理具有国家权力的主导性、实施策略的创新性、制度变革的渐进性、治理技巧的灵活性等特点。明清中央政府在土司承袭制度中始终占据主导地位,起着决定性作用,对土司承袭进行有效治理。

The inheriting system is the core content of chieftain system.The central government took five measurements for chieftain’s inheriting system in Ming and Qing dynasties.First,to issue law and regulations of inheriting,second,to control the relevant procedure of inheriting,third,to stipulate the chieftains to form the file of inheriting,forth,to limit the order of inheriting and the fifth to grant tokens to inherited chieftains.The national ruling of inheriting system has features of dominance in national power,innovation in strategy fulfilling,gradualness in institutional reform and flexibility of governing skill.The central government of Ming takes up the leading role in chieftain inheriting system,and also the effective governance in it.